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Remarks by Gerhard Casper

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2017

Gerhard Casper
Gerhard Casper*
Affiliation:
University of Chicago Law School
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Abstract

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Type
The Emerging European Constitution
Information
Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting , Volume 72 , 1978 , pp. 166 - 176
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1978

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References

1 Speech by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Law and the Court, Harvard Law School Association Dinner (Feb. 15, 1913), published in O. HOLMES, COLLECTED LEGAL PAPERS 295-96 (1920).

2 Case 26/62, N.V. Allgemene Transport-en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend & Loos v. Nederlandse administratie der belastingen, [1963] E.C.R. 1, [1963] Comm. Mkt. L.R. 105.

3 Riesenfeld & Buxbaum, N.V. Algemene Transport-en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend & Loos v. Administration Fiscale Neerlandaise: A Pioneering Decision of the Court of Justice of the European Communities, 58 AJIL 152 (1964).

4 Id., at 158.

5 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316 (1819).

6 [1963] E.C.R. 1, 12. Cf. McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 403-04.

7 Id.

8 Case 6/64, Costa v. E.N.E.L., [1964] E.C.R. 585, [1964] Coram. Mkt. L.R. 425.

9 Costa v. E.N.E.L., [1964] Coram. Mkt. L.R. 425, 436.

10 [1964] E.C.R. 585, 593, [1964] Coram. Mkt. L.R. 455.

11 [1964] E.C.R. 594, [1964] Comm. Mkt. L.R. 456.

12 J. STORY, COMMENTARIES ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES §1831 (1833).

13 [1964] E.C.R. 585, 605, [1964] Comm. Mkt. L.R. 443.

14 Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v. Einfuhr-und Vorratsstelle fur Getreide und Futtermittel, 37 BVerfGE 271 (1974), [1974] 2 Comm. Mkt. L.R. 540.

15 Quoted in Ipsen, BVerfG v. EuGH re “Grundrechte,” [1975] EUROPARECHT 1, 3.

16 37 BVerfGE 271, 277, [1974] 2 Comm. Mkt. L.R. 549.

17 37 BVerfGE 291, [1974] 2 Comm. Mkt. L.R. 558, 559.

18 Case 11/70, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v. Einfuhr und Vorratsstelle fur Getreide und Futtermittel, [1970] E.C.R. 1125, 1134. The Court had intimated these views as early as 1965. Cf. Case 9/65, Faillite des Acciaierie San Michele S.p.A. v. High Authority of the ECSC, [1967] E.C.R. 1, 27 (Order of June 22, 1965).

19 THE FEDERALIST 306 (1961 Cook ed.).

20 In the case of the Netherlands Community review was granted by means of an express constitutional provision, Article 66.

21 Etat beige v. S.A. “Fromagerie Franco-Suisse Le Ski,” [1971] J. TRIB. 460, [1972] Coram. Mkt. L.R. 330.

22 Administration des Douanes v. Soc. “Cafes Jacques Vabre” et S.A.R.L. J. Weigel et Cie, [1975] D.S. Jur., I, 497, [1975] 2 Comm. Mkt. L.R. 336.

23 For an earlier example, note the following sequence. In 1968, the Court of Justice had found that a 1939 Italian law levying an export tax on the export of art treasures violated Article 16 of the Treaty of Rome. When Italy did not effect a repeal of the law, a Turin court asked for a preliminary ruling under Article 177, and the Court of Justice held that national courts must protect rights conferred by Article 16. The Turin court then decided in favor of the plaintiff and against application of the 1939 law. The Italian government apparently appealed that decision, whereupon the Commission brought its second Article 169 proceeding, this time claiming a violation of Article 171. Before the Court's decision in favor of the Commission was announced, Italy informed the Court of its repeal of the law, effective January 1, 1962, the date the Court had previously determined as the starting point of the violation. Case 7/68, Commission of the European Communities v. Italian Republic, [1968] E.C.R. 423, [1969] Comm. Mkt. L.R. 1; Case 18/71, Eunomia de Porro e.C. v. Ministry of Education of the Italian Republic, [1971] E.C.R. 811; Case 48/71, Commission of the European Communities v. Italian Republic, [1972] E.C.R. 527, [1972] Comm. Mkt. L.R. 699. In this last case, id. at 534, 701 the Advocate-General, M. Karl Roemer, offers a detailed discussion of the sequence.

24 See text at note 9 supra.

25 See Frontini v. Ministero delle Finanze, 97 Foro It. I, 314 (1974), [1974] 2 Comm. Mkt. L.R. 371. (Corte cost. 1973).

26 Soc. Industrie chimichi Italia centrale v. Ministero commercio con l'estero, 98 Foro It. I, 2661. (German translation at [1976] EuROPARECHT 246).

27 Case 106/77, Simmenthal v. Italian Minister for Finance, COMMON MARKET REPORTSEUROMARKET NEWS, (Mar. 21, 1978).

28 Ipsen, supra note 15. There is now the potential for a “querelle francaise” as well, centering on the notion of French sovereignty. Cf. the decision of the Conseil Constitutional of December 30, 1976; [1977] Comm. Mkt. L.R. 648. Cf. Kovar and Simon, Some Reflections on the Decision of the French Constitutional Council of December 30,1976,14 COMM. MKT. L. R. 525 (1977).

29 See text at note 16 supra.

30 Cases 31/77 R and 53/77 R, Commission of the European Communities v. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Commission of the European Communities, [1977] E.C.R. 921, [1977] 2 Comm. Mkt. L.R. 359.

31 An excellent overview of and commentary on the problem can be found in E. STEIN, P. HAY & M. WAELBROECK, EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LAW AND INSTITUTIONS IN PERSPECTIVE 274 ff. (1976).

32 Contrary to the express wording of Article 189, the Court has gone as far as giving direct effect to directives. See, e.g., Case 41/74, Yvonne van Duyn v. Home Office, [1974] E.C.R. 1337, [1975] Comm. Mkt. L.R. 1.

33 Case 43/75, Gabrielle Defrenne v. Societe Anonyme Beige de Navigation Aerienne Sabena, [1976] E.C.R. 455.

34 See, in particular, Cases 119 and 120/76, Olmiihle Hamburg AG v. Hauptzollamt Hamburg Waltershof & Kurt A. Becher v. Hauptzollamt Bremen-Nord, [1977] E.C.R. 1269. The Court invalidated a Council regulation which attempted to force compounders of feeding stuffs to purchase surplus skimmed milk powder and mix it with feeding stuffs for animals. The Regulation was voided by reliance on the principles of proportionality and nondiscrimination. Cf. Schmitthoff, The Doctrines of Proportionality and Non- Discrimination, [1977] EUROPEAN L. REV. 329.

35 R. LECOURT, L'EUROPE DES JUGES 7 (1976).