¹ Dr. Christopher Lingle is an American citizen who lived and worked in Singapore. He published an article in the International Herald Tribune that implied that the judiciary in Singapore was used by the ruling party as a political instrument to bankrupt opposition politicians. The Attorney General of Singapore, after conducting an investigation as to whether Dr. Lingle had committed contempt of court or criminal defamation, found that there was a case to answer. The International Herald Tribune accepted that it had broken Singapore law and publicly apologized to the Government. The International Herald Tribune and Dr. Lingle were tried in open court, convicted of contempt of court and fined.