A review of humanitarian interventions suggested a reform based on three pillars: appointment of a Humanitarian Coordinator; an emergency fund; and the cluster approach for more predictability, efficiency, and accountability in a specific sector with an appointed leader. The cluster approach started late 2005 with some pilot countries in Africa, was followed by other countries. So far, Africa has been the wider cluster experience area. This paper will present different case studies and to highlight lessons learned.

Seven cases from African countries were studied. Cases were analyzed based on a developed framework that took different factors into account. Data were collected from field visits and from exiting documents.

The cluster approach was adopted using different models based on existing coordination structures, government structures and implications, and the presence of a Health Coordinator or an existing emergency body.

The cluster approach has improved sectoral programming in humanitarian responses in the field. It provided stronger and more predictable leadership across sectors, improved preparedness and surge capacities. However, it lacked clear guidance in implementation as well as resources for effective coordination in the field, which are successes. There was a lack of understanding of the concept which made non-governmental organizations reluctant to adhere to a cluster approach.

The success of implementation of the cluster approach required flexibility for an appropriate model in order to be adopted. A participatory approach and transparency are required to bring all partners on board.