Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-tn8tq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-30T17:28:32.238Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Impotence and Intransigence: State Behavior in the Throes of Deepening Global Crisis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2016

Yuwa Wong*
Affiliation:
Horizon Pacific International, Canada
Get access

Abstract

This article approaches the current global environmental crisis from an evolutionary perspective. It identifies two features in contemporary states' behavior: impotence and intransigence in the face of global crisis. These traits stem from humanity's evolutionary past, in which groups had to maintain their integrity while surviving intergroup competition. Contemporary sovereign states are groups that have survived this process, and they guard their sovereignty vigilantly. They do so by instituting coercive measures on the one hand and cultivating members' loyalty on the other. A belief of common descent must be articulated successfully in order for members to feel group solidarity. Hence, states are intransigent in maintaining that they truly represent the welfare of their members. To the extent that states are successful in inculcating a belief of common descent and identity, they are also constrained in acting altruistically—hence, their impotence in the face of deepening global crisis. To find a way out of this dilemma, strategic alternatives are explored. The emerging role of nongovernment organizations, with certain caveats, is seen as promising.

Type
Roundtable Article
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Politics and the Life Sciences 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, R.N. (1975). Energy and Structure: A Theory of Social Power. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Adelman, J.R. (1985). Revolution, Armies, and War: A Political History. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Alexander, R.D. (1971). “The Search for an Evolutionary Philosophy of Man.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 84:99120.Google Scholar
Alexander, R.D. (1975). “The Search for a General Theory of Behavior.” Behavioral Science 20:77100.Google Scholar
Alexander, R.D. (1979). Darwinism and Human Affairs. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Ames, E. and Rapp, R.T. (1977). “The Birth and Death of Taxes: A Hypothesis.” Journal of Economic History 37:161–78.Google Scholar
Anderson, P. (1974). Lineages of the Absolutist State. London: New Left Book.Google Scholar
Asiwaju, A.I. (1985). Partitioned Africans. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Axelrod, R. (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Axelrod, R. and Keohane, R.O. (1985). “Achieving Cooperation under Anarchy: Strategies and Institutions.” World Politics 38:226–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bean, R. (1973). “War and Birth of Nation State.” Journal of Economic History 33:203–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, E. (1986). When the War Was Over. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Beitz, C.R. (1979). Political Theory and International Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Betzig, L.L. (1986). Despotism and Differential Reproduction: A Darwinian View of History. New York: Aldine.Google Scholar
Bigelow, R. (1971). The Dawn Warriors. Boston: Little and Brown.Google Scholar
Brass, P., ed. (1984). Ethnic Groups and the State. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Bratton, M. (1989). “Beyond the State: Civil Society and Associational Life in Africa.” World Politics 41:407–30.Google Scholar
Bretta, M. (1989). “The Politics of Government-NGO Relations in Africa.” World Development 17:569–87.Google Scholar
Bromley, D.W., ed. (1992). Making the Commons Work: Theory, Practice, and Policy. San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies Press.Google Scholar
Brown, D. (1989). “Ethnic Revival: Perspective on State and Society.” Third World Quarterly 11:117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, L., Flavin, C., and Postel, S. (1989). “A World at Risk.” In Brown, L.R., Flavin, C., and Postel, S. (eds.), The State of the World. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute.Google Scholar
Brzezinski, Z. (1989/90). “Post-Communist Nationalism.” Foreign Affairs 68:125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carneiro, R.L. (1970). “A Theory of the Origin of the State.” Science 169:733–38.Google Scholar
Carneiro, R.L. (1978). “Political Expansion as an Expression of the Principle of Competitive Exclusion.” In Cohen, R. and Service, E.R. (eds.), Origins of the State: The Anthropology of Political Evolution. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues.Google Scholar
Chabal, P., ed. (1986). Political Domination in Africa. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Charny, I.W. (1982). How Can We Commit the Unthinkable? Genocide: The Human Cancer. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Claessen, H.J.M. and ven de Velde, P., eds. (1987). Early State Dynamics. New York: E.J. Brill.Google Scholar
Cohen, Y., Brown, B.R., and Organski, A.F.K. (1981). “The Paradoxical Nature of State Making: The Violent Creation of Order.” American Political Science Review 75:901–10.Google Scholar
Colburn, F.D. (1988). “Statism, Rationality, and State Centrism.” Comparative Politics 20:485–92.Google Scholar
Connor, W. (1978). “A Nation Is a Nation, Is a State, Is an Ethnic Group, Is a…” Ethnic and Racial Studies 1:377–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cousins, N. (1987). The Pathology of Power. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Daly, H.E. and Cobb, J. Jr. (1989). For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future. Boston: Beacon.Google Scholar
Deutsch, K.W. (1986). “State Functions and the Future of the State.” International Political Science Review 7:209–22.Google Scholar
Dumond, D.E. (1972). “Population Growth and Political Centralization.” In Spooner, B. (ed.), Population Growth: Anthropological Implications. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Farhi, F. (1988). “State Disintegration and Urban-based Revolutionary Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Iran and Nicaragua.” Comparative Political Studies 20:485–92.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, M.S. and Finkelstein, L.S. (1966). Collective Security. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Geiger, G. (1988). “On the Evolutionary Origins and Function of Political Power.” Journal of Social and Biological Structure 11:235–50.Google Scholar
Gerth, H.H. and Mills, C.W., eds. (1946). From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gordon, A. and Suzuki, D. (1991). It's a Matter of Survival. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gurr, T.R. (1986). “The Political Origins of State Violence and Terror.” In Stahle, M. and Lopez, G.A. (eds.), Government Violence and Repression: An Agenda for Research. New York: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Gurr, T.R. (1988). “War, Revolution, and the Growth of the Coercive State.” Comparative Political Studies 20:4565.Google Scholar
Gurr, T.R. and Harff, B. (1988). “Toward an Empirical Theory of Genocide and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases since 1945,” International Studies Quarterly 3:359–71.Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. (1963). “The Evolution of Altruistic Behaviour.” American Naturalist 97:354–64.Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. (1964). “The Genetic Evolution of Social Behaviour, I and II,” Theoretical Biology 7:1–16, 1752.Google Scholar
Hampson, F.O. (1988). “The Climate for War.” Peace and Security 3:89.Google Scholar
Hardin, G. (1968). “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Science 162:1243–48.Google Scholar
Harff, B. (1986). “Genocide as State Terrorism.” In Stahle, M. and Lopez, G.A. (eds.), Government Violence and Repression: An Agenda for Research. New York: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Herz, J.H. (1957). “Rise and Demise of the Territorial State.” World Politics 9:347–62.Google Scholar
Hettne, B. (1988). “The World of Crisis for the Nation-State.” Development 2/3:1425.Google Scholar
Hinde, R.A. (1989). “Patriotism: Is Kin Selection Both Necessary and Sufficient?” Politics and the Life Sciences 8:5861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, I.L. (1980). Taking Lives: Genocide and State Power. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.Google Scholar
Jackson, R.H. and Rosenberg, C.G. (1982). “Why Africa's Weak States Persist: The Empirical and the Juridical in Statehood.” World Politics 35:5678.Google Scholar
Johnson, G.R. (1986). “Kin Selection, Socialization, and Patriotism: An Integrating Theory.” Politics and the Life Sciences 4:127–54.Google Scholar
Johnson, G.R. (1989). “The Role of Kin Recognition Mechanisms in Patriotic Socialization: Further Reflections.” Politics and the Life Sciences 8:6269.Google Scholar
Joyce, A. (1989). “The Nuclear Arms Race: An Evolutionary Perspective.” Politics and the Life Sciences 7:186–202.Google Scholar
Kaplan, M. (1985). “Recent Trends of the Nation-State in Contemporary Latin America.” International Political Science Review 6:81103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keohane, R.O. (1984). After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Krasner, S.D. (1985). Structural Conflict: The Third World against Global Liberalism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Kuper, L. (1981). Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lewellen, T.C. (1983). Political Anthropology. South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey.Google Scholar
Luttwak, E.N. (1987). Strategy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Maclean's, (1990). “The Environment Special Report.” September 17.Google Scholar
Masters, R.D. (1986). “Why Bureaucracy?” In White, E. and Losco, J. (eds.), Biology and Bureaucracy: Public Administration and Public Policy from the Perspective of Evolutionary, Genetic and Neurobiological Theory. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Masters, R.D. (1989). The Nature of Politics. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazrui, A.A. (1986). The Africans: A Triple Heritage. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
McNeill, W.H. (1982). The Pursuit of Power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Migdal, J. (1988). Strong Societies and Weak States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Modelski, G. (1978). “The Long Cycle of Global Politics and the Nation State.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 20:214–35.Google Scholar
Ophuls, W. and Boyan, A.S. Jr. (1992). Ecology and the Politics of Scarcity Revisited: The Unraveling of the American Dream. New York: W.H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Phillips, C. (1992). “The Dynamics of Political Evolution.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Puchala, D.J. (1971). International Politics Today. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Rasler, K.A. and Thompson, W.R. (1985). “War Making and State Making: Governmental Expenditures, Tax Revenues, and Global Wars.” American Political Science Review 79:491–507.Google Scholar
Renner, M. (1989). “Enhancing Security.” In Brown, L.R., Flavin, C., and Postel, S. (eds.), The State of the World. Washington, DC: World Watch Institute.Google Scholar
Sahlins, M.P. (1960). “The Origin of Society.” Scientific American 48:7689.Google Scholar
Sahlins, M.P. (1968). Tribesmen. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Service, E.R. (1971). Primitive Social Organization. Second edition. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Service, E.R. (1975). Origins of the State and Civilization: The Process of Cultural Evolution. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Shaw, R.P. and Wong, Y. (1989). Genetic Seeds of Warfare: Evolution, Nationalism and Patriotism. Boston: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar
Shaw, R.P. and Wong, Y. (1990). “The Silent War: Failures in International Development — Causes, Symptoms, and Remedies.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Smith, A.D. (1981). The Ethnic Revival. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, A.D. (1984). “Ethnic Identity and the Myth of Ethnic Descent.” Research in Social Movement, Conflict, and Change 7:95130.Google Scholar
Smith, A.D. (1988). “The Myth of ‘Modern Nation’ and the Myth of Nations.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 11:120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A.D. (1989). “The Origins of Nations.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 12:340–67.Google Scholar
Snider, L.W. (1987). “Identifying Elements of State Power: Where Do We Begin?” Comparative Political Studies 20:314–56.Google Scholar
Stern, P.C., Young, O.R., and Druckman, D. (1992). Global Environmental Change: Understanding the Human Dimension. Commission on the Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. National Research Council.Google Scholar
Strate, J. (1982). “An Evolutionary View of Political Culture.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tilly, C., ed. (1979a). The Formation of National States in Western Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, C., ed. (1979b). “Sinews of War.” Presented at the annual meeting of the Council of European Studies Conference of Europeanists, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
UNFPA (1991). Population, Resources, and the Environment: The Critical Challenge. New York: United Nations Population Fund.Google Scholar
van den Berghe, P. (1981). The Ethnic Phenomenon. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Willhoite, F.H. Jr. (1986). “Political Evolution and Legitimacy: The Biocultural Origins of Hierarchical Organizations.” In White, E. and Losco, J. (eds.), Biology and Bureaucracy: Public Administration and Public Policy from the Perspective of Evolutionary, Genetic and Neurobiological Theory. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Wirick, G. (1989). “Environment and Security: The Case of Central America.” Peace and Security 4:24.Google Scholar
Wittfogel, K.A. (1957). Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zmolek, M. (1990). “Aid Agencies, NGOs, and Institutionalization of Famine.” Economic and Political Weekly (January 6):3748.Google Scholar