Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-xm8r8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-28T09:49:52.414Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Marine scientific research and the Soviet Arctic

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 October 2009

Erik Franckx
Erik Franckx
Affiliation:
Faculty of Law, Free University of Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Scientific cooperation in the Arctic has gained momentum during the last two years. The changing attitude of the Soviet Union, the most advanced Arctic state in this respect, has played a crucial role in this evolution. This article, which focusses on non-Soviet research efforts in Soviet Arctic waters, concludes that the Soviet Union has lately given a clear signal by allowing foreigners, after many years of repeated refusal, to conduct marine scientific research close to its own coasts. In doing so the Soviets have further clarified the legal status of their northern waters.

Type
Articles
Information
Polar Record , Volume 27 , Issue 163 , October 1991 , pp. 325 - 337
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allison, A., 1986. The Soviet Union and UNCLOS III: pragmatism and policy evolution. Ocean Development and International Law Journal 16: 109–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, T. 1966. La route maritime du nord en 1964. Inter Nord 8: 215–18.Google Scholar
Armstrong, T. 1968. The Northern sea route in 1966. Inter Nord 10: 200–03.Google Scholar
Barabolia, P. 1971. Peculiarities of the legal regime of the Northern Sea Route and the major straits of the Arctic seas adjacent to the coast of the USSR. (In Russian). In: Liubimov, L., Magilevskiy, I. and Gorelik, N. (editors). Ocean and Law. Moscow, Vysshaia Diplomaticheskaia Shkola MID SSSR: 58–75.Google Scholar
Bernaerts, A.. 1988. Bemaerts' guide to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Coulsdon, Fairplay Publishing.Google Scholar
Boyle, R. 1969. Arctic passages of North America. US Naval Institute Proceedings 95(791): 48–55.Google Scholar
Brown, E. 1969. Freedom of scientific research and the legal regime of hydrospace. Indian Journal of International Law 9: 327–80.Google Scholar
Butler, W. E. 1965. Soviet concepts of innocent passage. Harvard International Law Journal 17: 113–130.Google Scholar
Butler, W. E. 1967. The law of Soviet territorial waters. New York, Praeger.Google Scholar
Butler, W. E. 1970. Recent developments in Soviet maritime law. International Lawyer 4: 695–708.Google Scholar
Butler, W. E. 1971a. New Soviet legislation on straight base lines. International and Comparative Law Quarterly 20: 750–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, W. E. 1971b. Soviet Arctic and the Northeast Passage. The Nautilus Paper 2: 1–8.Google Scholar
Butler, W. E. 1972. Soviet maritime jurisdiction in the Arctic. Polar Record 16(102):. 418–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, W.E. 1973. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. In: Churchill, R., Simmonds, K. and Welch, J. (editors). New directions in the law of the sea, 3. New York, Oceana Publications: 271–80.Google Scholar
Butler, W.E. 1977. Soviet fishery jurisdiction in the Arctic. Polar Record 18(117): 575–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, W.E. 1978. Northeast Arctic passage. Alphen aan den Rijn, Sijthoff and Noordhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, W.E. 1983a. Basic documents on the Soviet legal system. New York, Oceana Publications.Google Scholar
Butler, W.E. 1983b. The USSR, eastern Europe and the development of the law of the sea, Vol 1. London, Oceana Publications.Google Scholar
Canadian Arctic Resources Committee. 1988. The north and Canada's international relations: report of a working group of the National Capital Branch of the Canadian Institute of International Affairs, March 1988. Ottawa, Canadian Arctic Resources CommitteeGoogle Scholar
Central Intelligence Agency. 1978. Polar regions atlas. Washington, Central Intelligence Agency.Google Scholar
Colombos, J. 1967. The international law of the sea. 6th edition. London, Longman.Google Scholar
de Hartingh, F. 1960. Les conceptions sovtétiques du droit de la mer. Paris, Librairie Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence.Google Scholar
Dehner, W. 1972. Creeping jurisdiction in the Arctic: has the Soviet Union joined Canada? Harvard International Law Journal 13: 271–288.Google Scholar
Elferink, A. 1991. The 1990 USSR-USA Maritime Boundary agrreement. International Journal of Estuarine and Coastal Law 6: 41–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franckx, E. 1986a. Marine scientific research and the new USSR legislation on the exclusive economic zone. International Journal of Estuarine and Coastal Law 1: 367–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franckx, E.. 1986b. The new USSR legislation on pollution prevention in the exclusive economic zone. International Journal of Estuarine and Coastal Law 1: 15–83.Google Scholar
Franckx, E. 1987. The USSR position on the innocent passage of warships through foreign territorial waters. Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 18: 33–65.Google Scholar
Franckx, E. 1988. Non-Soviet shipping in the Northeast Passage, and the legal status of Proliv Vil'kitskogo. Polar Record 24: 269–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franckx, E. 1990a. US-USSR uniform interpretation of the rules of international law governing innocent passage. Marine Policy 14: 484–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franckx, E. 1990b. Further steps in the clarification of the Soviet position on the innocent passage of foreign warships through its territorial waters. Georgia Journal if International and Comparative Law 19: 535–63.Google Scholar
Franckx, E. 1990c. The Soviet Union adapts its legislationon the conduct of marine scientific research in the USSR economic zone. International Journal of Estuarine and Coastal Law 5: 406–08.Google Scholar
Franckx, E. 1991. New developments in the Northeast Passage. International Journal of Estuarine and Coastal Law 6: 33–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glazunov, G., Arctica and Antarctica (in Russian). In: Gorshkov, G. (editor). International law of the sea manual. Moscow, Voennoe Izdatel'stvo: 228–37.Google Scholar
Gorshkov, S. (editor). 1980. Atlas of the oceans. Moscow, Ministry of Defence of the USSR.Google Scholar
Green, L.Canada and Arctic sovereignty. Canadian Bar Review 48: 740–75.Google Scholar
Grose, P. 1967. US halts Arctic expedition as Soviet bars ships. Polar Times, December: 14.Google Scholar
Head, I. 1963. Canadian claims to sovereignty in the Arctic. McGill Law School Journal 9: 200–26.Google Scholar
Howell, J. 1986. Polar Seacircumnavigates North American continent. The Bulletin (US Coast Guard Academy Alumni Association) 48: 23–27.Google Scholar
Johnson, G., Bradley, D. and Winokur, R. 1984. United States security interests in the Arctic. In: Westermeyer, W. and Shusterich, K. (editors). United States Arctic interests: the 1980s and 1990s. New York, Springer Verlag: 268–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, D. (editor). 1982. Arctic Ocean issues in the 1980s. (Law of the Sea Institute Workshop No 6, 10–12 June 1981, Mackinac Island, Michigan). Halifax NS, University of Hawaii and Dalhousie Ocean Studies Programme.Google Scholar
Kildow, J. 1973. Present oceanic research restrictions. In: Wooster, W. (editor). Freedom of oceanic research. New York, Krane Russak: 5–28.Google Scholar
Kildow, J. 1985. The US approach to Arctic policy. In: Gerwick, B. (editor). Arctic ocean engineering for the 21st century. Proceedings of the First Spilhaus Symposium. Washington, Marine Technology Society: 55–63.Google Scholar
Knauss, J. 1985. The effects of the law of the sea on future marine scientific research and of marine scientific research on the future law of the sea. Louisiana Law Review 45: 1202–19.Google Scholar
Knauss, J. 1988. Marine research: a casualty of the law of the sea? Seattle, Washington Grant Programme.Google Scholar
Korovin, E. 1926. The USSR and polar lands (in Russian). Sovetskoe Pravo 3: 43–46.Google Scholar
Kucherov, S. 1960. Sowjetische Ansprüche in der Arktis und Antarktis. Osteuropa Recht 6: 123–44.Google Scholar
Lamson, C. 1987. Arctic shipping, marine safety and environmental protection. Marine Policy 11: 3–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamson, C. and VanderZwaag, D. 1987. Arctic waters: needs and options for Canadian-American co-operation. Ocean Development and International Law Journal 18: 49–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mangone, G. 1981. The effect of extended coastal state jurisdiction over the seas and seabed upon marine science research. Ocean Development and International Law Journal 9: 201–08CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLaughlin, R.. 1988. Confidential classification of multibeam bathymetric mapping of the US EEZ; is a new US marine scientific research policy in order? Ocean Development and International Law Journal 19: 1–34..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McRae, D. 1987. The negotiation of Article 234. In: Griffiths, F. (editor). Politics of the Northwest Passage. Kingston, McGill-Queen's University Press: 98–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McRae, D. and Goundrey, D. 1982. Environmental jurisdiction in Arctic waters: the extent of Article 234. University of British Columbia Law Review 16: 197–228.Google Scholar
Menefee, S. 1986. Benjamin Franklin and the freedom of scientific research. Sea Changes (Institute of Marine Law, University of Cape Town, South Africa) 4: 49–67.Google Scholar
Merritt, J. 1985. Has ‘glasnost’ come knocking?. Northern Perspectives 15(3): 1–4 (supplement)Google Scholar
Montserrat, G. 1988. Scientific missions at sea: from immunity to suspicion. Maritime Studies (Australia) 43: 10–16.Google Scholar
Mulroney, B. 1989. Notes for a statement by the Right Honourable Brian Mulroney, Prime Minister of Canada, Ottawa, 27 November 1989. Ottawa, Office of the Prime Minister.Google Scholar
Nechaev, B. 1971. Historic waters and historic bays (in Russian). In: Lazarev, M. (editor). Ocean and Law. Moscow, Vysshaia Diplomaticheskaia Shkola MID SSSR: 76–85.Google Scholar
Østreng, W. 1985. Oil strategy and ocean law in the Arctic: a scenario forthe 21st century. ln: Gerwick, B. (editor). Arctic ocean engineering for the 21st century. Proceedings of the First Spilhaus Symposium. Washington, Marine Technology Society: 99–116.Google Scholar
Ovanesov, M. and Sorokin, R. 1973. International legal regime of Arctic areas (in Russian). Morskoi Sbomik 6: 92–96.Google Scholar
Palamarchuk, P. 1981. International legal regime of the seas of the Soviet Arctic sector (in Russian). In: Ushakov, N. (editor). International law and the international legal order. Moscow, Akademiya Nauk: Institut Gosudarstva l Prava SSSR: 111–24.Google Scholar
Petrow, R. 1968. Across the top of Russia: the cruise of the USCGC Northwind into the polar seas north of Siberia. London, Hodder and Stoughton.Google Scholar
Pharand, D. 1988. Canada's Arctic waters in international law. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pharand, D. 1989. Les problèmes de droit international dans l'Arctique. Etudes Internationales (Québec) 20: 131–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polar Record. 1964. The Northern Sea Route, 1963. Polar Record 12: 179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polar Record. 1965. The voyage of USCGS Northwind' in the Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi Seas, 1963. Polar Record 12: 731–33.Google Scholar
Polar Record. 1966. United States activities in waters north of the USSR, 1962 to 1965. Polar Record 12: 305–06.Google Scholar
Prescott, J. 1985. The maritime political boundaries of the world. London, Methuen.Google Scholar
Ross, D. and Knauss, J. 1982. How the law of the sea treaty will affect US marine science. Science 217: 1003–08.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royal Society of London. 1983. A guide to the provisions of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea relating to marine scientific research. London, Royal Society.Google Scholar
Schytt, V. 1982. Ymer-80: A Swedish expedition to the Arctic Ocean. Geographical Journal 149: 22–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scovazzi, T. 1988. New developments concerning Soviet straight baselines. International Journal of Estuarine and Coastal Law 3: 37–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scovazzi, T., Francalanci, G., Romano, D. and Mongardini, S. (editors). 1989. Atlas of the straight baselines. Milan, Dott. A. Giuffré.Google Scholar
Slipchenko, W. 1991. Canada-USSR Arctic Science Exchange Programme: an historical perspective of Arctic cooperation. ln: Brigham, L.The Soviet maritime Arctic. London, Belhaven: 235–57.Google Scholar
Smith, B. 1976. Canadian and Soviet Arctic policy: an icy reception for the law of the sea. Virginia Journal of International Law 16: 609–34Google Scholar
Smith, C. 1971. A comparison of Soviet and American drifting ice stations. Polar Record 15: 877–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solodovnikoff, P. 1980. La navigation maritime dans la doctrine et la pratique soviétiques. Paris, Librairie Général de Droit et de Jurisprudence.Google Scholar
Soons, A. 1982. Marine scientific research and the law of the sea. Deventer, Kluwer.Google Scholar
Synhorst, G. 1973. The Soviet strategic interest in the maritime Arctic. US Naval Institute Proceedings 99(843): 88–111.Google Scholar
Taracouzio, T. 1938. The Soviets in the Arctic. New York, Macmillan.Google Scholar
Theutenberg, B. 1983. The Arctic law of the sea. Nordisk Tidsskrift for International Ret 52: 3–39Google Scholar
United Nations. 1983. The law of the sea: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. New York, UN. Publications.Google Scholar
US Department of State. 1967. US Department of State Bulletin 57(1473): 362Google Scholar
US Department of State. 1977. Limits in the sea. No. 36. Washington, US Department of State Office of Ocean Law and Policy, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs.Google Scholar
Wells, R. 1966. Surveying the Eurasian Arctic. US Naval Institute Proceedings 92(764): 79–85.Google Scholar
Wells, R. 1968. The icy nyet. US Naval Institute Proceedings 92(782): 73–79.Google Scholar
Wooster, W. 1984. Sea law and ocean research: view from the northwest. Oregon Law Review 63: 121–37.Google Scholar
Young, E. 1986. The control of conflict in northern waters. In Archer, C. and Scriviner, D. (editors). Northern waters: security and resources issues. London, Croom Helm: 97–108.Google Scholar
Young, O. and Osherenko, G. 1991. International cooperation in the Arctic: Soviet attitudes and actions. In: Brigham, L. (editor). The Soviet maritime Arctic. London, Belhaven: 258–83.Google Scholar