Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-r5zm4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-16T16:58:47.059Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Textual manifestations of Ottoman architectural revival and the search for a national idiom in the late Ottoman period

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 September 2022

Ahmet Erdem Tozoğlu Open the ORCID record for Ahmet Erdem Tozoğlu [Opens in a new window]
Ahmet Erdem Tozoğlu*
Affiliation:
Abdullah Gül University, Department of Architecture, Kayseri, Turkey Email: Ahmet.tozoglu@agu.edu.tr
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article applies a critical approach to rethinking the relationship between nationalism and Ottoman architectural historiography by examining the intellectual medium during the late Ottoman period. More precisely, it examines how the history and theory of Ottoman architecture were initially established by Tanzimat (Reform) intelligentsia with the publication of Usûl-i Mimâri-i Osmani (Fundamentals of Ottoman Architecture) (1873). It addresses how the text was later comprehended and criticized by their successors, who utilized it to constitute their own vision of Turkish national architecture. By detailing the rise of the Turkish nationalist movement and the transition from Ottomanism to Turkism as the dominant identity, this article highlights the demand for the materialization of a national architecture as a component of the cultural construction of a national architectural style and the role of new public buildings as the site of nationalizing endeavors at the beginning of the twentieth century. Finally, this article problematizes the extent to which these new constructions can be deemed “national” by investigating the works of a pioneer figure of architecture, Kemaleddin Bey’s writings and the design and construction of his dormitory building, the Fifth Vakıf Han, in Istanbul.

Keywords

Ottoman revivalismnational architectureOttoman architectural historiographySecond Constitutional PeriodKemaleddin BeyFifth Vakıf Han
Type
Article
Information
New Perspectives on Turkey , Volume 67 , November 2022 , pp. 105 - 125
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmed (1893) Terâcim-i Ahvâl: Mi’mâr Sinân. Maârif 4(83), 70–77.Google Scholar
Akın, G (2003) Sadece Başlamış Bir Proje Olarak 1908 Romantizmi ve Vedat Tek. In Batur, Afife (ed), M. Vedat Tek: Kimliğinin İzinde Bir Mimar. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 21–38.Google Scholar
Akın, N (1998) 19. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısında Galata ve Pera. İstanbul: Literatür Yayınları.Google Scholar
Akyürek, G (2009) Tanzimat Döneminde Mimarlığın Değişen Bilgisi: Fenn-i Mimari, Gazeteler ve Diğerleri. Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi 7(13), 93–120.Google Scholar
Altınyıldız, N (2007) The architectural heritage of Istanbul and the ideology of preservation. Muqarnas 24, 281–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arseven, CE (1984) Türk Sanatı. İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi.Google Scholar
Aslanapa, O (1971) Turkish Art and Architecture. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Aslanapa, O (2004) Osmanlı Devri Mimarisi. İstanbul: İnkılap Kitabevi.Google Scholar
Baruh, LI (2009) The Transformation of the “Modern” Axis of Nineteenth-Century Istanbul: Property, Investments and Elites from Taksim Square to Sirkeci Station. PhD Dissertation Boğaziçi University, İstanbul.Google Scholar
Basiretçi, AE (2001) İstanbul Mektupları, Sağlam N (ed). İstanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları.Google Scholar
Batur, A (1983) Cumhuriyet Döneminde Türk Mimarlığı. In Uğur M (ed), Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türkiye Ansiklopedisi. Vol. 5. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 1380–1420.Google Scholar
Batur, A (2003) Tarih-i Mimari ve Fenn-i Mimari. In Batur A (ed), M. Vedad Tek: Kimliğinin İzinde Bir Mimar. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 233–240.Google Scholar
Batur, A (2005) A Concise History: Architecture in Turkey during the 20th Century. İstanbul: Chamber of Architects of Turkey.Google Scholar
Batur, A and Cephanecigil, G (2009) İstanbul Vakıflar Bölge Müdürlüğü Mimar Kemaleddin Proje Kataloğu [A Catalogue of Architect Kemalettin’s Drawings Preserved in the İstanbul Branch of the Pious Endowments Directorate]. Ankara: TMMOB Mimarlar Odası; Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü.Google Scholar
Baydar, G (2004) The cultural burden of architecture. Journal of Architectural Education 57(4), 19–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baydar (Nalbantoglu) G (1989) The Professionalization of the Ottoman-Turkish Architect. PhD Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Bozdoğan, S (2001) Modernism and Nation Building: Turkish Architectural Culture in the Early Republic. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Bozdoğan, S (2007) Reading Ottoman architecture through modernist lenses: Nationalist historiography and the new architecture. Muqarnas 24, 199–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozdoğan, S and Akcan, E (2012) Turkey: Modern Architectures in History. London: Reaktion Books.Google Scholar
Çelik, Z (2020) Avrupa Şark’ı Bilmez: Eleştirel Bir Söylem, 1872–1932. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.Google Scholar
Cengizkan, A (ed.) (2009) “Mimar Kemalettin ve Çağı: Mimarlık / Toplumsal Yaşam / Politika [Architect Kemalettin and His Age: Architecture, Social Life and Politics].” In Proceedings of the symposium. Ankara, Gazi University, 7–8 December 2007. Ankara: TMMOB Mimarlar Odası; Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü.Google Scholar
Cephanecigil, VG (2010) Geç Osmanlı ve Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemlerinde Mimarlık Tarihi İlgisi ve Türk Eksenli Milliyetçilik (1873–1930). PhD dissertation, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.Google Scholar
Cephanecigil, VG and Akın, G (2010) Geç Osmanlı ve Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türkiye’sinde Milliyetçilik ve Mimarlık Tarihi. İTÜ Dergisi/a Mimarlık Planlama Tasarım 9(2), 29–40.Google Scholar
Çetintaş, S (1944) Mimar Kemalettin Mesleği ve Sanat Ülküsü. Güzel Sanatlar 5, 160–173.Google Scholar
Civelek, Y (2009) Mimarlık, Tarihyazımı ve Rasyonalite: XX. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısındaki Modern Türk Mimarisinde Biçime Dayalı Sembolik Söylem Meselesi. Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi 7(13), 131–152.Google Scholar
Crane, H (1972) Recent literature on the history of Turkish architecture. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 31(4), 309–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Launay, M, et al (1873) Usûl-ü Mimari-i Osmani/L’architecture Ottoman/Die Ottomanische Baukunst. İstanbul: Imprimerie et litographie centrales.Google Scholar
Deringil, S (2003) They live in a state of nomadism and savagery: The late Ottoman Empire and the post-colonial debate. Society for Comparative Study of Society and History 45, 311–342.Google Scholar
Duman, H (2000) Osmanlı Salnameleri ve Nevsalleri Bibliyografyası ve Toplu Kataloğu [A Bibliography and Union Catalogue of Ottoman Yearbooks]. Ankara: Enformasyon ve Dokümantasyon Hizmet Vakfı.Google Scholar
Durmuş, S and Gür, ŞÖ (2017) Mimarliğin Metinsel Temsilinde Retorik İnşa: Usûl-i Mi’mârî-i Osmanî. METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture 34(1), 107–131.Google Scholar
Ersoy, A (2007) Architecture and the search for Ottoman origins in the Tanzimat period. Muqarnas 24, 117–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ersoy, A (2015) Architecture and the Late Ottoman Historical Imaginary. Surrey, UK: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Esâd, C (2020a) Osmanlı Sanay-i Nefisesi. İkdam, no. 4502 (13 December 1906). In Çelik Z (ed), Avrupa Şark’ı Bilmez: Eleştirel Bir Söylem, 1872–1932. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 113–116.Google Scholar
Esâd, C (2020b) “Osmanlı Mimarisi.” İkdam, no. 4503 (3 January 1907). In Çelik Z (ed), Avrupa Şark’ı Bilmez: Eleştirel Bir Söylem, 1872–1932. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 127–133.Google Scholar
Gaiger, J (2011) Hegel’s contested legacy: Rethinking the relation between art history and philosophy. The Art Bulletin 93(2), 178–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Georgeon, F (2006) Kemalist Dönemde Türk Ocakları (1923–1931). In Osmanlı-Türk Modernleşmesi, (1900–1930): Seçilmiş makaleler. [Ottoman-Turkish Modernization, 1900–1930: Selected Articles]. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 39–76.Google Scholar
Giddens, A (1991) Consequences of Modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Gökalp, Z (1922) Dehaya Doğru. Küçük Mecmua 3, 19 June, 1–5.Google Scholar
Gökalp, Z (1959) Turkish Nationalism and Western Civilization: Selected Essays of Ziya Gökalp. Berkes, N (ed). New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Gökalp, Z (1972) Türkçülüğün Esasları. İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi.Google Scholar
Gümüşoğlu, F (2003) Türk Yurdu. In Bora T and Gültekin M (eds), Modern Türkiye’de Siyasi Düşünce: Milliyetçilik. Vol. 4. İstanbul: İletişim, 269–274.Google Scholar
Haftalık Havadis: Talebe Yurdu (1913) Halka Doğru 1(25) (9 October).Google Scholar
Herzog, C and Motika, R (2000) Orientalism Alla Turca: Late 19th/early 20th century Ottoman voyages into the Muslim outback. Die Welt des Islams 40(2), 139–195.Google Scholar
Holod, R and Ahmet, E (eds) (1984) Modern Turkish Architecture. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Houlgate, S (2020) Hegel’s Aesthetics. In Zalta, EN (ed), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Spring 2020 Edition. Available at https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2020/entries/hegel-aesthetics/ (accessed 20 November 2021).Google Scholar
Kemaleddin (1906) Mimari-i Islam. In Hüdavendigar Vilayeti Salname-i Resmisi. Bursa: Vilayet Matbaası, 142–187.Google Scholar
Kemaleddin (1911) Bir Türk Akropolü. Türk Yurdu 1, 330–333.Google Scholar
Kemaleddin (1913a) Eski İstanbul ve İmar-ı Belediye Belası. Türk Yurdu 3(12), 381–384.Google Scholar
Kemaleddin (1913b) İmar-ı Belde Fikrinin Yanlış Tatbikinden Mütevellid Tahribat. Türk Yurdu 4, 490–495.Google Scholar
Kemaleddin (1917) Konya’da Alaeddin Sarayı Asar-ı Bakiyesi Karatay Medresesi. Yeni Mecmua 1(2), 29–31.Google Scholar
Kerchriotis, V (2013) Postcolonial criticism encounters late Ottoman studies. Historein 13, 39–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kononenko, E (2018) Ottoman vs Turkish: Rhetoric and Architectural Practice on the Eve of the Division of the Empire. In Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research 284 (2nd International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education (ICASSEE 2018), 373–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuban, D (1969) Celâl Esâd Arseven ve Türk Sanatı Kavramı. Mimarlık 7(72), 18–20.Google Scholar
Makdisi, U (2002) Ottoman Orientalism. American Historical Review 107(3), 768–796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mardin, Ş (2000) The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought. New York: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Mehmed, Z (1913) Türk Ocağı’nda Bir Musahabe-i Fenniye ve Tarihiyye. Türk Yurdu 4, 588–597.Google Scholar
Necipoğlu, G (2007) Creation of a national genius: Sinan and the historiography of “classical” Ottoman architecture. Muqarnas 24, 141–183.Google Scholar
Nihat, M (1933) Kemalettin ve Eserleri. Arkitekt, 25, 19–21.Google Scholar
Öncel, AD (2014) Apartman: Galata’da Yeni Bir Konut Tipi. İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi.Google Scholar
Pancaroğlu, O (2007) Formalism and the academic foundation of Turkish art in the early twentieth century. Muqarnas 24, 67–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanayi-i Nefise-i M (1886) Hamiyet, no. 11. İstanbul: 28 September, 81–83.Google Scholar
Sarınay, Y (2005) Türk Milliyetçiliğinin Tarihi Gelişimi ve Türk Ocakları. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat.Google Scholar
Sözen, M (1984) Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türk Mimarlığı. İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.Google Scholar
Sözen, M and Tapan, M (1973) 50 Yılın Türk Mimarisi. İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.Google Scholar
Strauss, J (1995) The millets and the Ottoman language: The contribution of Ottoman Greeks to Ottoman letters (19th–20th centuries). Die Welt des Islams 35(2), 189–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yurdu, Talebe (1911a) Türk Yurdu 1(10), 4 April, 311.Google Scholar
Yurdu, Talebe (1911b) Türk Yurdu 2(18), 25 July, 567–568.Google Scholar
Talebe Yurdunun Temel Taşı Konması (1913) Türk Yurdu 5(2), 16 October, 912.Google Scholar
Tanju, B (2005) Milliyetçilik Üzerine Notlar. Arredamento Mimarlık 100(+80), 76–78.Google Scholar
Tanju, B (2007) Tereddüd ve Tekerrür, Mimarlık ve Kent Üzerine Metinler: 1873–1960. İstanbul: Akın Nalça Kitapları.Google Scholar
Tanyeli, U (1990) 1900–1930 Muasır ve Milli bir Mimarlık. Sanat Dünyamız 41, 24–27.Google Scholar
Tanyeli, U (1995) Türkiye’de Modernleşmenin Unutulmuş Tanıkları: Askeri Mimarlık El Kitapları. Mimarlık 263, 38–42.Google Scholar
Tanyeli, U (2007) Mimarlığın Aktörleri: Türkiye, 1900–2000. İstanbul: Garanti Galeri.Google Scholar
Texier, C (1862) Asie Mineure: Description Geographique, Historique et Archeologique. Paris: Firmin Didot Frères.Google Scholar
Tuncer, H, et al (1998) Türk Ocakları Tarihi Açıklamalı Kronoloji, 1912–1997, vol. 1 (1912–1931). Ankara: Türk Yurdu Yayınları.Google Scholar
Türkan, EV (2020) Bir Osmanlı Maarif Nazırının Portresi: Emrullah Efendi. İstanbul: Vakıfbank Kültür Yayınları.Google Scholar
Üstel, F (1997) İmparatorluktan Ulus Devlete Türk Milliyetçiliği: Türk Ocakları (1912–1931). İstanbul: İletişim.Google Scholar
Uzun, T (2008) Geç Osmanlı-Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi Mimarlık Pratiğinde Bilgi ve Yapım Teknolojileri Değişimi Erken Betonarme İstanbul Örnekleri: 1906–1930. PhD Dissertation, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.Google Scholar
Yavuz, Y (1976) İkinci Meşrutiyet Döneminde Ulusal Mimarlık Üzerinde Batı Etkileri. METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture 2(1), 9–34.Google Scholar
Yavuz, Y (1981) Mimar Kemaleddin Bey (1870–1927). METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture 7(1), 53–76.Google Scholar
Yavuz, Y (2009) İmparatorluktan Cumhuriyet’e Mimar Kemalettin, 1870–1927. Ankara: TMMOB Mimarlar Odası and Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü.Google Scholar
Yavuz, Y and Özkan, S (1984) Finding a national idiom: The first national style. In Holod, R and Evin, A (eds), Modern Turkish Architecture. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 51–67.Google Scholar
Yazıcı, N (2003) Osmanlının İlk Mimarlık Kitabı: Usûl-u Mimari-i Osmani. Arkitekt 497, 12–19.Google Scholar