Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-r6qrq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T18:09:32.168Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Water photonics, non-linearity, and anomalously large electro-optic coefficients in poled silica fibers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 February 2018

John Canning
John Canning*
Affiliation:
Interdisciplinary Photonics Laboratories, School of Electrical & Data Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS) & School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2007 & 2006, Australia
*
Address all correspondence to John Canning at John.canning@uts.edu.au
Get access

Abstract

A review of the literature offers an explanation for the large anomalous electro-optic (e.o.) effect reported by Fujiwara et al. in 1994. It is based on the large e.o. coefficient of ordered water at an interface measured in recent years >1000 pm/V. More broadly, the concept of water-based photonics, where water could be a new platform material for devices and systems, is introduced, suggesting that liquid states of matter can allow ready shaping and exploitation of many processes in ways not previously considered. This paper is a commentary on the significance of this new understanding and the broader interest of water in photonics, particularly its consideration as a new platform material.

Type
Commentaries
Information
MRS Communications , Volume 8 , Issue 1 , March 2018 , pp. 29 - 34
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Fujiwara, T., Wong, D., Zhao, Y., Fleming, S., Poole, S., and Sceats, M.: Electro-optic modulation in germanosilicate fibre with UV-excited poling. Electron. Lett. 31, 573 (1994).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Myers, R.A., Long, X.-C., and Brueck, S.R.J.: Recent advances in the second-order nonlinear optical properties of amorphous silica materials. Doped Fiber Devices and Systems, Proc. SPIE 2289, (1994).Google Scholar
3. Kazansky, P., Russell, P. St. J., and Takebe, H.: Glass fiber poling and applications. J. Lightwave Technol. 15, 1484–1493 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4. Ikushima, A.J., Fujiwara, T., and Saito, K.: Silica glass: a material for photonics. J. Appl. Phys. 88, 1201 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Fleming, S.C. and An, H.: Poled glasses and poled fibre devices. J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn 116, 1007 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6. Dussauze, M., Cremoux, T., Adamietz, F., Rodriguez, V., Fargin, E., Yang, G., and Cardinal, T.: Thermal poling of optical glasses: mechanisms and second order optical properties. Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci. 3, 309–320 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7. Dontsova, E.I., Kablukov, S.I., Lobach, I.A., Dostovalov, A.V., Babin, S.A., Gladyshev, A.V., Dianov, E.M., Corbary, C., Ibsen, M., and Kazansky, P.G.: Extracavity and external cavity second-harmonic generation in a periodically poled silica fibre. Quant. Electron. 46, 989 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Jacobsen, R.S., Andersen, K.N., Borel, P.I., Fage-Pedersen, J., Frandsen, L.H., Hansen, O., Kristensen, M., Lavrinenko, A.V., Moulin, G., Ou, H., Peucheret, C., Zsigri, B., and Bjarklev, A.: Strained silicon as a new electro-optic material. Nature 441, 199 (2006).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9. Khurgin, J.B., Stievater, T.H., Pruessner, M.W., and Rabinovich, W.S.: On the origin of the second-order nonlinearity in strained Si–SiN structures. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 32, 2494–2499 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Singer, K.D., Kuzyk, M.G., Holland, W.R., Sohn, J.E., Lalama, S.J., Comizzoli, R.B., Katz, H.E., and Schilling, M.L.: Electro-optic phase modulation and optical second-harmonic generation in corona-poled polymer films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 53, 1800 (1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Ma, W. and Cross, L.E.: Strain-gradient-induced electric polarization in lead zirconate titanate ceramics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3293–3295 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Yamaoka, K., Takahashi, Y., Yamazaki, Y., Terakado, N., Miyazaki, T., and Fujiwara, T.: Pockels effect of silicate glass-ceramics: observation of optical modulation in Mach–Zehnder system. Sci. Rep. 5, 12176 (2015).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13. Godbout, N., Lacroix, S., Quiquempois, Y., Martinelli, G., and Bernage, P.: Measurement and calculation of electrostrictive effects in a twin-hole silica glass fiber. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B17, 1 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14. Kazansky, P.G., Dong, L., and Russell, P. St. J.: High second-order nonlinearities in poled silicate fibers. Opt. Lett. 19, 701 (1994).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15. Canning, J., Sceats, M.G., Inglis, H.G., and Hill, P.: Transient and permanent gratings in phosphosilicate optical fibres produced by the flash condensation technique. Opt. Lett. 20, 2189 (1995).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16. Zhu, E.Y., Tang, Z., Qian, L., Helt, L.G., Liscidini, M., Sipe, J.E., Corbari, C., Canagasabey, A., Ibsen, M., and Kazansky, P.G.: Direct generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs in a poled fiber. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 213902 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.The author was present in the group at the time these devices were fabricated. He with P. Hill developed the 193 nm grating writing facility that was used to fabricate the gratings in the work of Fujiwara et al. [1]. The observation of water contamination being a problem, something identified by the author in separate fibre work, was recently confirmed (2017) in a private discussion with one of the listed authors, S. C. Fleming, who agreed that water contamination was present. Fujiwara and colleagues were never able to repeat the work on the new enclosed dry draw tower they moved to afterwards.Google Scholar
18. Takagi, K.: Capillary electrophoresis in Electrical phenomena at interfaces: fundamentals, measurements and applications. In Surfactant Science Series, Marcel Dekker, 1998, ed. Ohshima, H., Furusawa, K. Vol 76, Chapt 12, p. 265.Google Scholar
19. Yung, J., Lu, F., Kostiuk, L.W., and Kwok, D.Y.: Electrokinetic microchannel battery by means of electrokinetic and microfluidic phenomena. J. Micromech. Microeng. 13, 963 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20. Canning, J., Buckley, E., and Lyytikainen, K.: Electrokinetic air-silica structured micro-channel capillary batteries. Electron. Lett. 40, 298 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21. Canning, J., Buckley, E., Huntington, S., and Lyytikäinen, K.: Using multi-microchannel capillaries for determination of the zeta potential of a microfluidic channel. Electrochim. Acta 49, 3581–3586 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22. Forster, M., Ravel, R., Hodgson, A., Carrasco, J., and Michaelides, A.: c(2 × 2) Water-hydroxyl layer on Cu(110): a wetting layer stabilized by Bjerrum defects. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 046103 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23. Canning, J., Padden, W., Boskovic, D., Naqshbandi, M., de Bruyn, H., and Crossley, M.J.: Manipulating and controlling the evanescent field within optical waveguides using high index nanolayers. Opt. Mat. Express 1, 192 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24. Canning, J.: Structured Optical Fibres and the Application of their Linear and Non-Linear Properties. In Selected Topics in Metamaterials and Photonic Crystals, ed. Andreone, A., Cusano, A., Cutolo, A., Galdi, V. (World Scientific, Italy, 2011), pp. 389–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25. Nosaka, Y., Hirabayashi, M., Kobayashi, T., and Tokunaga, E.: Gigantic optical Pockels effect in water within the electric double layer at the electrode-solution interface. Phys. Rev. B 77, 241401 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26. Kanemaru, H., Nosaka, Y., Hirako, A., Ohkawa, K., Kobayashi, T., and Tokunaga, E.: Electrooptic effect of water in electric double layer at interface of GaN electrode. Opt. Rev. 17, 352 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27. Tokunaga, E., Nosaka, Y., Hirabayashi, M., and Kobayashi, T.: Pockels effect of water in the electric double layer at the interface between water and transparent electrode. Surf. Sci. 601, 735–741 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28. Kanemaru, H., Nosaka, Y., Hirako, A., Ohkawa, K., Kobayashi, T., and Tokunaga, E.: Electrooptic Effect of Water in Electric Double Layer at Interface of GaN Electrode. Opt. Rev. 17, 352–356 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29. Suzuki, Y., Osawa, K., Yukita, S., Kobayashi, T., and Tokunaga, E.: Anomalously large electro-optic Pockels effect at the air-water interface with an electric field applied parallel to the interface. Appl. Phys. Lett. 108, 191103 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30. Pezzotti, S., Galimberti, D.R., and Gaigeot, M.-P.: 2D H-Bond network as the topmost skin to the air–water interface. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 8, 3133–3141 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31. Janos, M., Canning, J., and Sceats, M.G.: Incoherent scattering in optical fibre Bragg gratings. Opt. Lett. 21, 1827 (1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32. Canning, J., Weil, H., Naqshbandi, M., Cook, K., and Lancry, M.: Laser tailoring surface interactions, contact angles, drop topologies and the self-assembly of optical microwires. Opt. Mat. Express 3, 284 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33. Canning, J., Tzoumis, N., and Beattie, J.: Water on Au sputtered films. Chem. Commun. 50, 9172 (2014).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34. Ho, P.P. and Alfano, R.R.: Optical Kerr effect in liquids. Phys. Rev. A 20, 2170 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35. Kongsted, J., Osted, A., Mikkelsen, K.V., and Christiansen, O.: Nonlinear optical response properties of molecules in condensed phases using the coupled cluster-dielectric continuum or molecular mechanics methods. J. Chem. Phys. 119, 10519 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36. Martelli, C., Canning, J., and Lyytikainen, K.: Water core Fresnel fibre. Opt. Express 13, 3890 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37. Canning, J.: New Trends in Structured Optical Fibres for Telecommunications and Sensing. (Inv) 5th Int. Conf. on Optical Communications & Networks and 2nd Int. Symp. on Advances & Trends in Fiber Optics & Applications (ICOCN/ATFO 2006), Chengdu, China, (2006).Google Scholar
38. Canning, J.: Properties of specialist fibres & Bragg gratings for optical fiber sensors. Rev. J. Sens. V2009, Article ID 871580, 2009, 17p.Google Scholar