Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-wq484 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T19:19:50.864Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Political leadership in Italy: towards a plebiscitary democracy?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 January 2016

Mark Donovan*
Affiliation:
School of European Studies, University of Wales Cardiff, PO Box 908, Cardiff, CF1 3YQ, UK. E-mail: SESMD@Cardiff.ac.uk

Summary

Following the collapse of the ‘First Republic’, political leadership has become both more technocratic and more charismatic. Constitutional reform of a presidential type, which would reinforce this dual trend, has come near to being effected. This paper argues that organizational changes in the main political parties bring them close to being able to participate in such a system. It also argues that a plebiscitary form of constitutional democracy, namely some form of presidentialism, could reinforce the consolidation of the nascent two-bloc party system. Finally, it argues that a political system based on two competitive party blocs could be of great benefit to the Italian polity.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Association for the study of Modern Italy 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1. Fedele, Marcello, Democrazia referendaria. L'Italia dal primato dei partiti al trionfo dell'opinione pubblica, Donzelli, Rome, 1994.Google Scholar

2. Sartori, Giovanni, ‘Una repubblica di aria fritta’, MicroMega 1/95, 1995, pp. 4150.Google Scholar

3. Pasquino, Gianfranco, ‘Party Government in Italy: Achievements and Prospects’, in Katz, Richard (ed.), Party Governments. American and European Experiences, De Gruyter, Berlin, 1987, pp. 202–42.Google Scholar

4. Hayward, Jack (ed.), The Crisis of Representation in Europe, Frank Cass, London, 1995.Google Scholar

5. Donovan, Mark and Broughton, David, ‘Party System Change in Western Europe. Positively Political’, in Broughton, D. and Donovan, M. (eds), Changing Party Systems in Western Europe, Pinter, London, 1998, pp. 255–74.Google Scholar

6. Porta, Donatella Delia and Mény, Yves (eds), Democracy and Corruption in Europe, Pinter, London, 1997.Google Scholar

7. Mair, Peter, ‘Political Parties, Popular Legitimacy and Public Privilege’, West European Politics, 18, 3, 1995, pp. 4057.Google Scholar

8. Bardi, Luciano and Morlino, Leonardo, ‘Italy: Tracing the Roots of the Great Transformation’, in Katz, Richard S. and Mair, P. (eds). How Parties Organize. Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies, Sage, London, 1994, pp. 242–77.Google Scholar

9. Katz, Richard S. and Mair, Peter, ‘Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy. The Emergence of the Cartel Party’, Party Politics, 1, 1, 1995, pp. 528.Google Scholar

10. Mair, Peter, ‘Introduction’, in Mair, P. (ed.). The West European Party System, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1990, pp. 122, p. 3.Google Scholar

11. Kirchheimer, Otto, ‘The Transformation of the Western European Party Systems’, excerpted in Mair, P. (ed.). The West European Party System, pp. 5060, p. 58.Google Scholar

12. Epstein, Leon D., Political Parties in Western Democracies, Transaction Books, New Brunswick, 1980 (originally 1967), p. 257.Google Scholar

13. Panebianco, Angelo, Political Parties: Organization and Power, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988. Also, Koole, Ruud, ‘The Vulnerability of the Modern Cadre Party in the Netherlands’, in Katz, and Mair, (eds), How Parties Organize, pp. 278–303.Google Scholar

14. Ignazi, Piero, ‘The Crisis of the Parties and the Rise of the New Political Parties’, Party Politics, 2, 4, 1996, pp. 549–66; p. 559. See also Biorcio, Roberto, ‘New Parties and the Crisis of Italian Party System’, paper presented at the ECPR workshop, Oslo, ‘New parties and the party system’, 29 March–3 April 1996.Google Scholar

15. Much of this section is based on Baccetti, Carlo, Il PDS, Il Mulino, Bologna, 1997.Google Scholar

16. Cavalli, Luciano, Governo del Leader e regime dei partiti, Il Mulino, Bologna, 1992; Chiarini, Roberto, ‘La fortuna del gollismo in Italia. Le suggestioni di una “Seconda Repubblica’”, Storia contemporanea, XXV, 2, 1994, pp. 173–220.Google Scholar

17. Kuhn, Raymond, ‘The Media and Politics’, in Rhodes, Martin et al. (eds), Developments in West European Politics, Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp. 263–80, p. 265.Google Scholar

18. McAllister, Iain, ‘Leaders’, in LeDuc, Lawrence et al. (eds), Comparing Democracies. Elections and Voting in Global Perspective, Sage, London, 1996, pp. 280–98, p. 281.Google Scholar

19. Panebianco, A., ‘La società di corte. L'Ulivo e l'attegiamento dei mass media’, Corriere della Sera, 4 November 1997, pp. 12.Google Scholar

20. Cavalli, , Governo del Leader, pp. 21–3.Google Scholar

21. Epstein, , Political Parties, p. 259.Google Scholar

22. McCarthy, Patrick, ‘Forza Italia: The Overwhelming Success and the Consequent Problems of a Virtual Party’, in Katz, Richard S. and Ignazi, Piero (eds), Italian Politics. The Year of the Tycoon, Westview Press, Boulder, 1996, pp. 3755, pp. 43ff.Google Scholar

23. Farrell, Joseph, ‘Berlusconi and Forza Italia’, Modern Italy, 1, 1, 1995, pp. 4052, p. 44.Google Scholar

24. Mannheimer, Renato, ‘Forza Italia’ in Diamanti, Ilvo and Mannheimer, Renato (eds), Milano a Roma. Guida all'Italia elettorale del 1994, Donzelli, Rome, 1994, pp. 2942, pp. 35–6.Google Scholar

25. Biorcio, Roberto, ‘Le complicate scelte di Forza Italia’, Il Mulino, 2, 1997, pp. 261–70, p. 264 and Webb, Paul, review of Graham, Bruce D., Representation and Party Politics, Blackwell, Oxford, 1993 in Party Politics, 1, 1, 1995, pp. 167–8.Google Scholar

26. McCarthy, Patrick, ‘Forza Italia. I vecchi problemi rimangono’, in D'Alimonte, Roberto and Nelken, David (eds), Politico in Italia. Edizione 97, Il Mulino, Bologna, 1997, pp. 6684, p. 74.Google Scholar

27. Gray, Laurence and Howard, William, ‘Forza Italia: An American party for Italy?’, in Leonardi, Robert and Nanetti, Raffaella (eds), Italy: Politics and Policy, Dartmouth, Aldershot, 1996, vol. 1, pp. 152–71.Google Scholar

28. Diamanti, Ilvo, ‘Partiti modelli’. Politico ed Economia, January 1995, pp. 7180.Google Scholar

29. Prodi, Paolo, ‘Misteri di partito’, Il Mulino, 1, 1997, pp. 102–9; Follini, Marco, ‘Il ritorno dei partiti’, Il Mulino, 2, 1997, pp. 242–51.Google Scholar

30. Seisselberg, Jörg, ‘Forza Italia: a “Media–Mediated Personality Party’”, West European Politics, 19, 4, October 1996, pp. 715–43. 29.Google Scholar

31. Perkins, Doug, ‘Structure and Choice: The Role of Organizations, Patronage and the Media in Party Formation’, Party Politics, 2, 3, 1996, pp. 291312.Google Scholar

32. Kalyvas, Stathis N., The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1996; Casanova, Jose', ‘The Catholic Church's Loss of Interest in Sponsoring Christian Democracy’, paper presented at the 1994 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, The New York Hilton, 1–4 September.Google Scholar

33. Daniels, P., ‘Italy: Rupture and Regeneration?’, in Broughton, and Donovan, (eds), Changing Party Systems, pp. 7195.Google Scholar

34. Lijphart, Arend, ‘Trichotomy or dichotomy?’, European Journal of Political Research, 31, 1997, pp. 125–8.Google Scholar

35. Epstein, , Political Parties, p. 9; Katz, Richard S. and Kolodny, Robin, ‘Party Organization as an Empty Vessel: Parties in American Politics’, in Katz, and Mair, (eds), How Parties Organize, pp. 23–50.Google Scholar

36. Donovan, Mark, ‘The 1997 Referendums. Failure Due to Abuse?’, in Bardi, Luciano and Rhodes, Martin (eds), Italian Politics, Westview Press, Oxford, 1998, vol. 13.Google Scholar

37. Cavalli, , Governo del Leader, pp. 31–5.Google Scholar

38. Schaar, John H., Legitimacy in the Modem Stale, Transaction Books, New Brunswick, 1981, cited in Birch, Anthony H., The Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracies, Routledge, London and New York, 1993, p. 34.Google Scholar

39. McAllister, , ‘Leaders’.Google Scholar

40. Pasquino, Gianfranco, ‘Plebiscitarismo’, in Enciclopedia delle Scienze Sociali, Treccani, Rome, 1996, pp. 589–94.Google Scholar

41. Midtbø, Tor, ‘The Electoral Effect of Party Leader Approval in Norway’, Scandinavian Political Studies, 20, 2, pp. 135–56.Google Scholar

42. Graham, Chris and Prosser, Tony (eds), Waiving the Rules, Open University Press, Milton Keynes, 1988.Google Scholar

43. Cited in Franchi, Paolo, ‘Pasticcio al Salmone’, Corriere della Sera, 20 June 1997.Google Scholar

44. Donovan, , ‘The 1997 Referendums’.Google Scholar

45. Biorcio, Roberto, La Padania promessa. La storia, le idee e la logica d'azione della Lega Nord, Il Saggiatore, Milan, 1997, pp. 10 and 233.Google Scholar

46. Richardson, Jeremy, ‘The Market for Political Activism: Interest Groups as a Challenge to Political Parties’, West European Politics, 18, 1, January 1995, pp. 116–39, p. 120. See also, Fuchs, D. and Klingemann, H.-D., ‘Citizens and the State: A relationship transformed’, in Fuchs, D. and Klingemann, H.-D. (eds), Citizens and the State, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996, pp. 419–43.Google Scholar

47. Kaase, Max, Newton, Kenneth and Scarborough, Elinor, ‘Beliefs in Government’, Politics, 17, 2, 1997, pp. 135–9 is a ‘succinct summary’ of the five volumes of research and analysis.Google Scholar

48. Donovan, and Broughton, , Changing Party Systems.Google Scholar