Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pjpqr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-23T21:49:41.441Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Manufacturing technology for implementing geological disposal: electroforming of copper canisters

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

T. Hernandez-Selva*
Affiliation:
Materials Performance Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK BEP Surface Technologies Ltd, Eton Hill Road, Radcliffe, Manchester M26 2XT, UK Research Centre for Radwaste and Decommissioning, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
D. L. Engelberg
Affiliation:
Materials Performance Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK Research Centre for Radwaste and Decommissioning, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
F. Scenini
Affiliation:
Materials Performance Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK Nuclear Advanced Manufacturing Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
D. Fox
Affiliation:
BEP Surface Technologies Ltd, Eton Hill Road, Radcliffe, Manchester M26 2XT, UK
A. McClusky
Affiliation:
BEP Surface Technologies Ltd, Eton Hill Road, Radcliffe, Manchester M26 2XT, UK
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The existing capability and current development needs for implementing electroforming as a viable manufacturing process to produce copper cylinders with dimensions comparable to the Swedish KBS-3 design are discussed. Large freestanding copper cylinders can be produced readily, but there is a need to address challenges associated with controlling the electro-deposition process to conform to compositional and mechanical requirements of the copper layers produced. The methodology to optimize the manufacturing process, based on a study of key parameters, such as the effects of electrolyte additives on grain size and the chemical composition of electroformed layers, is described here. Possible ways to introduce a robust manufacturing route are also presented.

Type
Research Article
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2015. This is an open access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2015

References

ARAO (2009) Revised Reference Scenario for Geological Disposal Facility in Hard Rock with Cost Estimation for its Implementation. Report ARAO-03-00-014-004-2, Ljubljana (Slovenia).Google Scholar
Bard, A.J. and Faulkner, L.R. (2000) Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York.Google Scholar
BEP Surface Technologies (2009) Research Project NWDA 09/0058. Unpublished. Funded by the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) of the UK, 2009.Google Scholar
Chen, Z. and Gao, L. (2007) Synthesis and magnetic properties of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles by using PEG as surfactant additive. Materials Science and Engineering B, 141, 8286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Department of Energy & Climate Change (2014) Implementing Geological Disposal — A framework for the long-term management of higher activity radioactive waste. URN 14D/235, London.Google Scholar
Gabe, D.R. (1996) The role of hydrogen in metal electrodeposition processes. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 27, 908915.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, D.P. and Riddiford, A.C. (1960) Dissolution of copper in sulfuric acid solutions. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 107, 950956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hope, G., Brown, G., Schweinsberg, D., Shimizu, K and Kobayashi, K. (1995) Observations of inclusions of polymeric additives in copper electrodeposits by transmission electron microscopy. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 25, 890894.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, D., Xiang, G., Liu, C., Yu, J., Liu, L. and Pu, X. (2012) Development of a cyclic voltammetry method for DNA electrochemical detection on microfluidic gene chip. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 7, 1060710619.Google Scholar
Keech, P.G., Vo, P., Ramamurthy, S., Chen, J., Jacklin, R. and Shoesmith, D.W. (2014) Design and development of copper coatings for long term storage of used nuclear fuel. Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 49, 425430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, II and West, A.C. (1998) Copper deposition in the presence of polyethylene glycol. I. Quartz crystal microbalance study. Journal of Electrochemical Society, 145, 34723476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruglikov, S.S., Kudriavtsev, N.T., Vorobiova, G.F. and Antonov, A.Y.A. (1965) On the mechanism of levelling by addition agents in electrodeposition of metals. Electrochimica Acta, 10, 253261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lithuanian Energy Institute (2006) Generic repository concept for rbmk-1500 spent nuclear fuel disposal in crystalline rocks in Lithuania. International topical meeting TOPSEAL 2006 - Reference No. 38099786, Kaunas (Lithuania).Google Scholar
Moriyama, M., Konishi, S., Tsukimoto, S. and Murakami, M. (2004) Effect of organic additives on formation and growth behavior of micro-void in electroplating copper films. Materials Transactions, 45, 31723176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (2014) Geological Disposal — Science & Technology Plan. NDA Report no. NDA/RWM/121, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Padovani, C. (2014) Overview of UK research on the durability of container materials for radioactive wastes. Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 49, 402409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posiva Oy (2013a) Safety case for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel at Olkiluoto — models and data for the repository system 2012. Report POSIVA 2013-01, Eurajoki, Finland.Google Scholar
Posiva Oy (2013b) KBS-3H Complementary Studies, 2008-2010. Report POSIVA 2013-03, Eurajoki, Finland.Google Scholar
Posiva Oy (2013c) Inspection of disposal canisters components. Report POSIVA 2012-35, Eurajoki, Finland.Google Scholar
Raoof, J., Ojani, R. and Mohammadpour, Z. (2010) Electrocatalytic oxidation and voltammetric determination of hydrazine by 1,1 ‘-Ferrocenedicarboxylic acid at glassy carbon electrode. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 5, 177188.Google Scholar
Rashkov, St. and Vuchkov, L. (1981) The kinetics and mechanism of the anodic dissolution of phosphorus-containing copper in bright copper plating electrolytes. Surface Technology, 14, 309321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scenini, F., Palumbo, G., Stevens, N., Cook, A. and Banks, A. (2014) Investigation of the role of electrokinetic effects in corrosion deposit formation. Corrosion Science, 87, 7179.Google Scholar
Schlesinger, M. and Paunovic, M. (2011) Modern Electroplating, 5th edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York.Google Scholar
Schwuger, M.J. (1973) Mechanism of interaction between ionic surfactants and polyglycol ethers in water. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 43, 491–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stangl, M., Acker, J., Dittel, V., Gruner, W., Hoffmann, V. and Wetzig, K (2005) Characterization of electroplated copper self-annealing with investigations focused on incorporated impurities. Microelectronic Engineering, 82, 189195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoychev, D., Vitanova, I., Rashkov, S. and Vitanov, T. (1978) Adsorption of substances acting as brighteners in the electrolytic deposition of copper. Surface Technology, 7, 427–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (2004) Status report, canister fabrication. Technical Report TR—04-23, Stockholm, Sweden.Google Scholar
Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (2010) Design, production and initial state of the canister. Technical report TR-10-14, Stockholm, Sweden.Google Scholar
Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (2011) Long-term safety for the final repository for spent nuclear fuel at Forsmark — Main report of the SR-Site project. Technical Report TR 11-01, Stockholm, Sweden.Google Scholar
Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (2014) Attenuation dependent detectability at ultrasonic inspection of copper. Public Report 1411328, Stockholm, Sweden.Google Scholar
Tate, T (1864) On the magnitude of a drop of liquid formed under different circumstances. Philosophical Magazine, 27, 176180.Google Scholar
Vaduva, C.C., Vaszilcsin, N. and Kellenberger, A. (2011) Effect of aromatic amines on the diffusion layer thickness during the copper electrodeposition from acid bath. Chemical Bulletin of Politehnica University of Timisoara, 56, 7580.Google Scholar
Vereecken, P.M., Binstead, R.A., Deligianni, H. and Andricacos, P.C. (2005) The chemistry of additives in damascene copper plating. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 49, 318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogt, H. and Balzer, R.J. (2005) The bubble coverage of gas-evolving electrodes in stagnant electrolytes. Electrochimica Acta, 50, 20732079.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weissenborn, P.K. and Pugh, R.J. (1996) Surface tension of aqueous solutions of electrolytes: relationship with ion hydration, oxygen solubility, and bubble coalescence. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 184, 550563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed