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Chapter I: Introductory Conclusions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 June 2018

Frederica De Laguna
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Extract

In Order to understand the problems presented by the archaeological material from the middle and lower Yukon Valley, we will need to see this region in a cultural perspective. The area is inhabited today by Athabaskanspeaking Indians whom I call the Tena, following Jetté. These correspond to Osgood's Tanana, Koyukon and Ingalik. Practically all the specimens we shall have to discuss come from the territory of Osgood's last two tribes.

These Tena had, at the time of white contact, a culture which was much like that of all the interior Alaskan Athabaskans, whom we can take as typical exponents of the Snowshoe hunting stage, discussed in Chapter X. The Tena differ from their relatives in two respects: first, they had a richer source of food in the salmon which come up the Yukon every summer to spawn, and second, they had borrowed much from the Eskimo. On the north, west, and southwest, Tena territory abutted on that of the Eskimo, and their strongest contacts were with the Eskimo of Kotzebue Sound, Norton Sound, the deltas of the Yukon and Kuskokwim, and Bristol Bay.

Type
Research Article
Information
Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology , Volume 3: The Prehistory of Northern North America as Seen from the Yukon , 1947 , pp. 3 - 23
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 1947

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References

1 Sapir, 1915; Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, Appendix II.

2 See the detailed list of tribes in Birket-Smith, 1936, pp. 225 ff. Cf. also Kroeber, 1939, pp. 20-27.

3 Mathiassen, 1936b, Chapter VI; Birket-Smith, 1936, Chapter I; Collins, 1940, Fig. 36; Jenness, 1940, mimeographed supplement; Rowley, 1940, Fig. 5. For a briefer version of the chart cf. de Laguna, 1946.

4 Kroeber, 1939, p. 27, note 11.

5 Collins, 1937a.

6 Collins, 1929, Fig. 1; cf. specimens in National Museum of Norway.

7 Pt. Barrow (Mathiassen, 1929; Wissler, 1916, Figs. 6 and 9), Kuskokwim (U of PM specimen numbers 1487,1488; Collins, 1940, p. 575).

8 Cf. Rainey, 1941a.

9 Rainey, op. cit.

10 Heart-shaped objects (Rainey, op. cit., Fig. 35, 1-3), figurines (Figs. 27-30), winged objects (Fig. 26). Cf. Collins, 1940, Pls. 14, IS.

11 Rainey, 1941a, p. 465.

12 Rainey, 1941b.

13 Coffins, 1940, p. 558. Collins, 1943, published after this was written, considers the relationships of Ipiutak and Old Bering Sea more fully.

14 Rainey, 1941b, p. 374; Collins, 1943, p. 224.

15 Rowley, 1940, p. 499.

16 Rasmussen, 1927, p. 277.

17 Collins, 1937a.

18 J. A. Mason, 1930.

19 Collins, 1940, pp. 557 f.

20 J. A. Mason, 1930, Pl. V, 1.

21 Collins, 1940, pp. 555 f. East Cape, Siberia (Mathiassen, 1930a, Pl. 18; Bogoras, 1904-1909, I, Fig. 33), Puoten Bay, Siberia (WSM); Kolyma River, Siberia (Mathiassen, 1927, II, p. 180).

22 Coffins, 1937a, p. 372; 1940, pp. 558 f.

23 Jenness, 1940, p. 10.

24 de Laguna, 1938, p. 303.

25 Mathiassen 1927.

26 Jenness, 1928; Collins, 19376, p. 377; 1940, p. 561.

27 Collins, 1937b, p. 377.

28 Jenness, 1940, p. 11.

29 Geist and Rainey, 1936, pp. 227 fi.; de Laguna, 1939a.

30 Rainey, 1941a, p. 562.

31 Collins, 1937a, p. 261.

32 Jenness (1940, p. 11) estimates that a mixed group of Thule and Dorset descent lived on in southeastern Baffin- I and until the sixteenth century.

33 Birket-Smith, 1930, pp. 9,18; Jenness, 1937J, p. 35.

34 Mathiassen, 1927,1, pp. 285 fi.

35 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, p. 226; Mathiassen, 1927, II, p. 200; Collins, 1937a, pp. 379 ff.

36 Jenness, 1933, p. 395.

37 Wissler, 1918; Mathiassen, 1927,1, pp. 293-304; Holtved, 1938.

38 For a general survey of Greenland archaeology see the conclusion of Mathiassen, 1936b. West Coast archaeology is treated in Mathiassen, 1930b; 1931; 1934a; and 1936b. East Coast archaeology is discussed in Mathiassen, 1933; 1934b; 1936a; Larsen, 1934; and 1938.

39 Birket-Smith, 1930, p. 10.

40 Collins' open socket type III (a) x, NMC catalogue number IX-C-2813.

41 Collins, 1937a, pp. 366-371.

42 Mathiassen, 1930a, Chapters IV, V; Murdoch, 1892.

43 St. Lawrence Island (Geist and Rainey, 1936, pp. 134-165), Siberia (Mathiassen, 1930a, Chapter VI; material from latest graves at Puoten Bay, WSM).

44 Giddings, 1941,’ p. 82.

45 Bogoras, 1904-1909; E. W. Nelson, 1899.

46 de Laguna, 1934, pp. 121 f.

47 Op. cit., pp. 122-129.

48 Prince William Sound (Birket-Smith and de Laguna, field notes, 1933), Kodiak Island (Specimens in NMD, AMNH; Hrdlička, 1932; 1935; 1936; 1944), Alaska Peninsula (Weyer, 1930), Aleutian Islands (Dall, 18776; 1878; Jochelson, 1925) Weyer, 1929; Hrdlička, 1937; 1938; 1939; 1945).

49 de Laguna, 1934, pp. 215-217; Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 519 ff.; de Laguna, 1940, p. 73.

50 Hrdlička, 1935, p. 52; 1936,p.52; 1937,p.62; 1938, pp. 90, 92; 1941, p. 412; 1944; 1945.

51 H. I. Smith, 1903; 1906a; 1906b (?).

52 Collins, 1940, p. 578, cf. pp. 572-583.

53 Sternberg, 1929, also cited by Collins, above.

54 Kroeber, 1939, p. 31, cf. pp. 28-31.

55 Iglulik (Rowley, 1940. Cf. also his map, Fig. 4), northern Baffinland (Mathiassen, 1927, I, pp. 206-212), southern Baffinland and Hudson Bay islands (Jenness, 1925), Newfoundland (Wintemberg, 1939-1940).

56 Cf. map in de Laguna, 1946. King William Land (Mathiassen, 1927,1, Pl. 82, 3, etc.), Greenland (Mathiassen, 1928; Holtved, 1939; Solberg, 1907; specimens in NMD), northwest Labrador (Leechman collections in NMC), east Labrador (Strong, 1930), Belcher Islands (Quimby, 1940; Jenness, 1941), Gulf of St. Lawrence (Wintemberg collections in NMC).

57 Collins, 1940, Fig. 36; Jenness, 1940, p. 9.

58 Fenton, 1940, p. 176.

59 Ritchie, 19386, Table 1; 1932*; 1937. General works in addition to these are: Beauchamp, esp. 1897a, b; 1902; Parker, 1922; Wintemberg, 1906; 1931; 1935; AAR.

Ed. Note.—To this bibliography should be added Ritchie, 1944, a definitive summary of the pre-Iroquoian archaeology of New York State. Although it appeared since the present book was written, it does not necessitate any important modification of the author's views, except that at her request a later version of Ritchie's table (1944, Pl. 1) has been substituted for that originally cited.

60 Skinner, 1921, pp.24 ff.

61 Wintemberg, 1931, pp. 66 f. The main sources of Iroquois archaeology are: Neutral (Wintemberg, 1913, 1929, 1939), Huron-Neutral (Ritchie, 1930), Mohawk-Onondaga-Oneida (Wintemberg, 1936), Cayuga and Onondaga (Skinner, 1921), Erie, Seneca, and Onondaga (Parker, 1922, pp. 162-389).

62 Ritchie, 1937, pp. 183-186; 1938a; 1940a.

63 Canandaigua (Ritchie, 1936a; 1928; Parker, 1922, pp. 340-343), Castle Creek (Ritchie, 1934; 1939a).

64 Nichols, 1928; Ritchie, 1937, pp. 188-193; 1938c, pp. 223-225.

65 Willoughby, 1935, pp. 83-86, 92-99; Ritchie, 1937, pp. 186-187.

66 Ritchie, 1932a. The Vine Valley in general is covered by material in Willoughby, 1935, pp. 81-118.

67 Ed. Note.—Ritchie (1944) is no longer certain regarding the phase to which the Coastal aspect should be assigned.

68 Cross, 1941.

69 Skinner, 1919, pp. 75 ff.; Parker, 1922, pp. 346-348; M. R. Harrington, 1924; Fergusson, 1935.

70 M. R. Harrington, 1909, pp. 125-130; Skinner, 1919, pp. 52-74; 1920, pp. 129-136; Parker, 1922, pp. 344-346. The New York Coastal aspect in general is covered by Skinner, 1932, but without segregation of temporal periods.

71 Moorehead, 1922, Part III; Smith and Wintemberg, 1929; Willoughby, 1935, pp. 119-300 in large part; W. B. Smith, 1929; Brown, 1939; Byers and Johnson, 1940; Hadlock, 1941a.

72 Ed. Note.—Ritchie (1944) no longer assigns this focus to any aspect or phase, or even to the Woodland pattern.

73 Ritchie, 19386, p. 105; “Notes and News,” A. Ant., II, 1, 1936, pp. 53 f.; II, 4, 1937, pp. 311-313.

74 In general, cf. Parker, 1922, pp. 79-83; Wintemberg, 1924; Willoughby, 1935, pp. 31-80, which includes the Red Paint.

Ed. Note.—Ritchie, 1944, now classifies it as an aspect of the Archaic pattern.

75 Brewerton (Ritchie, 1938c, p. 225; 19406, with references to Vosberg and Vergennes), Vergennes (Bailey, 1939).

76 Specimens in NMC and ROMA.

77 Classic Red Paint (Willoughby, 1898; 1935, pp. 16-80, although this also included inland Laurentian; Moorehead, 1922, Part II; W. B. Smith, 1930; cf. Hadlock, 19416, for Red Paint in general), shell heap Red Paint (Hadlock, 1939; 19416; Rowe, 1940; Byers and Johnson, unpublished material from the Nevin shell heap), Tadoussac (Speck, 1916; Wintemberg, 1929).

78 Ritchie, 1939b, c.

79 Ritchie, 1932a; 1936b.

80 Ford and Willev, 1941, pp. 332-334.

81 Cf. map.. Ritchie, 1936b. Pl. XIV.

82 Ford and Willey, 1941, Fig. 4.

83 Ritchie, 19406, pp. 49,88; Bailey, 1939, p. 20.

84 de Laguna, 1946.

85 Parker, 1922, pp. 48 f.; Ritchie, 1932b.

86 Wintemberg, 1931, p. 66; 1928.

87 Wintemberg, 1935.

88 Butler, 1939, p. 71.

89 Schnell, 1932, pp. 59-65; Jochelson, 1928; and other reports listed in the Bibliography.

90 Schnell, 1932, cf. chronology on p. 42; Bishop, 1925; Nishioka and Schenck, 1937; Munro, 1911; Kanda, 1884; Liang, 1930.

91 Hooton,1938, pp. 507,539 f., 559 f.

92 Schnell, 1932, pp. 21, 39; Sternberg, 1929.

93 Bishop, 1925, pp. 548-552.

94 Bishop, 192S, pp. 554-560; Schnell, 1932, p. 39.

95 Bishop, 1925, p. 567.

96 Schnell, 1932, p. 40.

97 Schnell, 1932, p. 43

98 Op. cit., p. 42.

99 Op. cit., p. 41, cf. also pp. 25,44, Fig. 7.

100 Bishop, 1925, p. 556.

101 Op. cit., pp. 557-561

102 Op. cit., pp. 556-567.

103 Baba, 1934 and 1936.

104 Schnell, 1932, p. 30.

105 Andersson, 1925,1932,1934; Bishop, 1932, esp. p. 623; Creel, 1937a, Chapter III.