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NATURAL HISTORY, CLASSIFICATION, RECONSTRUCTED PHYLOGENY, AND GEOGRAPHIC HISTORY OF PYTHO LATREILLE (COLEOPTERA: HETEROMERA: PYTHIDAE)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Darren A. Pollock
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Abstract

The classification of the nine world species of Pytho Latreille is reviewed by study of adult, larval, and pupal stages. Keys are provided for separation of species in these three life stages. Taxonomic changes (senior synonym in brackets) include synonymy of P. fallax Seidlitz 1916 [= P. niger Kirby 1837]; P. americanus Kirby 1837 [= P. planus (Olivier 1795)]; P. deplanatus Mannerheim 1843 is transferred from a junior subjective synonym of P. depressus (Linnaeus 1767) to a junior subjective synonym of P. planus (Olivier 1795). Lectotype designations are provided for the following: P. seidlitzi Blair 1925; P. nivalis Lewis 1888; P. niger Kirby 1837; P. fallax Seidlitz 1916; P. abieticola J. Sahlberg 1875; and P. americanus Kirby 1837. Eight larval stage, and 12 adult stage characters were selected for cladistic analysis. Lacking out-group material, pupal characters were not analysed. Character states were polarized using a generalized out-group composed of the three other genera of Pythinae (all monobasic). Phylogenetic analysis based on these 18 characters suggests four monophyletic species-groups: P. seidlitzi group (P. seidlitzi Blair — North America); P. kolwensis group (P. strictus LeConte – North America, P. kolwensis C. Sahlberg —Fennoscandia and the U.S.S.R., P. nivalis Lewis — Japan); P. niger group (P. niger Kirby — North America, P. abieticola J. Sahlberg — Europe, P. jezoensis Kôno — Japan); P. depressus group [P. planus (Olivier, 1795) — North America, P. depressus (Linnaeus, 1767) — Europe and the U.S.S.R.]. Larval stage synapomorphies are relatively more important in defining the species-groups than are those of the adult stage. The ancestor of Pythidae may have been associated with Coniferae as early as the Jurassic. The common ancestor of Northern Hemisphere Pythinae became isolated upon Laurasia once separation from Gondwanaland occurred near the end of the Jurassic. Two of the species-groups have similar disjunctions in North America, Europe, and Japan. The relatively eastern distributions of the North American member of each suggests that the ancestor of each species-group was Euramerican, and underwent vicariance with the opening of the North Atlantic in the Middle Cretaceous. The present distribution of both species-groups is thought to have been caused by the same vicariant event. The ancestor of the P. depressus group, which is presently circumboreal, was probably widespread and could have been Asiamerican in distribution. In the middle to late Tertiary, evidence suggests that Beringia was covered with coniferous forest, and the ancestor of the P. depressus group probably extended across this land bridge. Final separation between any North American and European/Asian species occurred in the Late Miocene or Pliocene, when a cooling climate made possible the evolution of treeless tundra in the north.

Résumé

Le classement des neufs espèces mondiales de Pytho Latreille a été révisé en étudiant les stades d'adulte, de la larve et de la pupe. Les clés sont fournies pour séparer les espèces de ces trois stades de la vie. Les changements taxinomiques (le synonyme aîné entre parenthèses) comprennent la synonymie de P. fallax Seidlitz 1916 [= P. niger Kirby 1837]; P. americanus Kirby 1837 [= P. planus (Olivier 1795)]; P. deplanatus Mannerheim 1843 à été muté d'un synonyme subjectif cadet de P. depressus (Linnaeus 1767) à un synonyme subjectif cadet de P. planus (Olivier 1795). Les nominations lectotypes sont données en ce qui concerne les suivants : P. seidlitzi Blair 1925; P. nivalis Lewis 1888; P. niger Kirby 1837; P. fallax Seidlitz 1916; P. abieticola J. Sahlberg 1875; et P. americanus Kirby 1837. Huit caractères larvaires et 12 caractères d'adultes ont été choisis pour des analyses de clades. à cause de la pénurie de matériels de groupe, les caractères des pupes n'ont pas été analysés. Les états des caractères ont été polarisés, en utilisant un groupe d'en dehors généralisé composé de trois autres genres de Pythinae (tous monobasiques). Les analyses de phylogenèse basées sur ces 18 caractères suggèrent l'existence de quatre groupes-espèce monophylétiques : le groupe P. seidlitzi (P. seidlitzi Blair en Amérique du nord); le groupe P. kolwensis (P. strictus LeConte en Amérique du nord, P. kolwensis C. Sahlberg en Finnoscandie et en l'U.R.S.S., P. nivalis Lewis au Japon); le groupe P. niger (P. niger Kirby en Amérique du nord, P. abieticola J. Sahlberg en Europe, P. jezoensis (Kôno au Japon); le groupe P. depressus [P. planus (Olivier, 1795) en Amérique du nord, P. depressus (Linnaeus, 1767) en Europe et en l'U.R.S.S.]. Les synapomorphies du stade larvaire sont relativement plus importantes pour définir les groupes-espèce que celles du stade adulte. L'ancêtre des Pythidae aurait pu être associé avec les Coniferae aussi tôt qu'au Jurassique. L'ancêtre commun des Pythinae de l'hémisphère du nord s'était isolé en Laurasie, une fois que la séparation de Gondwanalande a eu lieu vers la fin du Jurassique. Deux des groupes-espèces ont des disjonctions semblables en Amérique du nord, en Europe et au Japon. Les distributions quasi-orientales du membre nord-américain de chacun suggèrent qu'un ancêtre de chaque groupe-espèce a été Euraméricain et qu'il a subi une modification vicariante à la création de l'océan nord-atlantique à la micrétacé. La distribution actuelle des deux groupes-espèce se croît d'avoir été occasionnée par le même événement vicariant. L'ancêtre du groupe P. depressus, qui actuellement se trouve circumboréal, a été probablement fort étendu et aurait pu avoir une distribution Asiaméricaine. Du milieu à la dernière partie de la période Tertiaire, l'évidence suggère que Beringie a été couverte d'une forêt conifère et que l'ancêtre du groupe P. depressus a été trouvé tout au long de ce pont terrestre. La séparation ultérieure parmi toutes espèces nord-américaines et européennes/asiatiques a eu lieu à la dernière partie du Miocène ou au Pliocène, quand un climat refroidissant a fait possible l'évolution de tundra sans arbres au nord.

Type
Research Article
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The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada , Volume 123 , Supplement S154 , 1991 , pp. 3 - 104
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Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1991

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