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CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION OF THE EUMENINE WASP GENUS SYMMORPHUS WESMAEL (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Jeffrey M. Cumming
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Abstract

The genus Symmorphus Wesmael is distributed throughout the Oriental, Palearctic, and Nearctic regions, as well as the northernmost Neotropical region, and appears to occupy a relatively isolated phylogenetic position within the Eumeninae. Females of Symmorphus, for those species in which nesting behavior is known, mass-provision cells in pre-existing cavities with chrysomelid, curculionid, or microlepidopterous larvae.Thirty-six species are recognized, including three new species and two new subspecies. Keys are provided for the identification of adult specimens, all species are described, and their geographical distributions mapped.Two subgenera, S. (Parasymmorphus) Cumming and Vecht and S. (Symmorphus) Wesmael, are recognized. Symmorphus (Parasymmorphus) includes S. parvilineatus (Cameron), S. momunganensis (Schulthess), and S. negrosensis Cumming and Vecht. Within S. (Symmorphus) three informal species groups are recognized, with the following included species and subspecies: (1) S. hoozanensis group — S. hoozanensis (Schulthess), S. alkimus alkimus Cumming and Vecht, S. alkimus dialeukus ssp.nov. (type-locality Sibolangit, N. Sumatra), S. ambotretus sp.nov. (type-locality Mt. Omei, Sichuan Province, China), and S. canlaonicus sp.nov. (type-locality Mt. Canlaon, Negros Oriental, Philippines); (2) S. declivis group — S. declivis Harttig; (3) S. murarius group — S. murarius (Linnaeus), S. foveolatus Gussakovskij, S. glasunowi Morawitz, S. sichuanensis Lee, S. crassicornis (Panzer), S. captivus (Smith), S. angustatus (Zetterstedt), S. albomarginatus albomarginatus (Saussure), S. albomarginatus midas ssp.nov. (type-locality Bentsen Rio Grande Valley State Park, Texas, USA), S. decens (Kostylev), S. violaceipennis Soika, S. mizuhonis Tsuneki, S. bifasciatus (Linnaeus), S. debilitatus (Saussure), S. cliens Soika, S. connexus (Curtis), S. lucens (Kostylev), S. sublaevis (Kostylev), S. canadensis (Saussure), S. projectus Bohart, S. tukvarensis (Meade-Waldo), S. nipteroides sp.nov. (type-locality N. Yourdou, India), S. fuscipes (Herrich-Schaeffer), S. apiciornatus (Cameron), S. aurantiopictus Soika, S. allobrogus (Saussure), S. cristatus (Saussure), S. gracilis (Brullé), and S. paralleliventris Soika.The following new synonymy is proposed: S. calciatii (Zavattari) = S. glasunowi Morawitz; S. nursei (Bingham), S. hospes (Nurse), and S. hospitans (Dalla Torre) = S. crassicornis (Panzer); S. hakutozanus Tsuneki and S. nansetsurei Tsuneki = S. angustatus (Zetterstedt); S. walshianus (Saussure) and S. meridionalis Viereck = S. albomarginatus albomarginatus (Saussure); S. kurentzovi Kurzenko, S. iiyamai Tsuneki, S. shiroyamai Tsuneki, S. piceanus Tsuneki, and S. sassai Tsuneki = S. mizuhonis Tsuneki; S. sinuatus (Fabricius), S. sinuatus mutinensis (Baldini), S. sparsus Morawitz, S. sinuatissimus Richards, S. mutinensis auster Soika, and S. mutinensis yezoanus Tsuneki = S. bifasciatus (Linnaeus); S. ishikawai Soika = S. lucens (Kostylev); S. seoulensis Tsuneki = S. apiciornatus (Cameron); S. pumilus (Saussure) and S. trisulcatus Cameron = S. cristatus (Saussure); S. elegans libanicus Soika = S. gracilis (Brullé); and S. allobrogus (Saussure) is removed from synonymy with S. bifasciatus (Linnaeus). Odynerus latipennis Smith and Odynerus cilicius Cameron, previously considered to belong within Symmorphus, are excluded from the genus, and S. sounkionis Tsuneki is transferred as Ancistrocerus sounkionis (Tsuneki) comb.nov. Neotypes are designated for S. crassicornis (Panzer) and S. fuscipes (Herrich-Schaeffer), and lectotypes are designated for S. foveolatus Gussakovskij, S. glasunowi Morawitz, S. nursei (Bingham), S. laeviventris (Thomson), S. albomarginatus (Saussure), S. decens (Kostylev), S. sinuatus (Fabricius), S. sinuatus mutinensis (Baldini), S. debilitatus (Saussure), S. lucens (Kostylev), S. sublaevis (Kostylev), S. debilis (Saussure), S. apiciornatus (Cameron), S. philadelphiae (Saussure), and S. elegans (Wesmael).A cladistic analysis of Symmorphus, based on 26 characters, is presented, including a discussion of the relationships of the genus to the remainder of the Eumeninae. Hypotheses outlining the historical zoogeography of Symmorphus are presented in light of current paleogeographic and paleoclimatic reconstructions, by comparing these cladistic relationships with the chorological patterns observed within the genus and other Vespidae.

Résumé

Le genre compte 36 espèces reconnues, dont trois nouvelles et deux nouvelles sous-espèces. Il existe des clés d'identification des spécimens adultes et toutes les espèces sont décrites et leur aire de distribution géographique, tracée.

On compte deux sous-genres reconnus, soit S. (Parasymmorphus) Cumming et Vecht et S. (Symmorphus) Wesmael. Le premier comprend S. parvilineatus (Cameron), S. momunganensis (Schulthess) et S. negrosensis Cumming et Vecht. Le sous-genre S. (Symmorphus) compte trois groupes officieux d'espèces comprenant les espèces et sous-espèces suivantes : (1) le groupe de S. hoozanensis — S. hoozaenensis (Schulthess), S. alkimus alkimus Cumming et Vecht, S. alkimus dialeukus ssp. nov. (spécimen type recueilli à Sibolangit, dans le nord de Sumatra), S. ambotretus sp.nov. (spécimen type recueilli à Mont Omei, province de Szu-ch'uan, Chine) et S. canlaonicus sp.nov. (spécimen type recueilli à Mont Canlaon, Negros orientale, Philippines); (2) groupe de S. declivis — S. declivis Harttig; (3) groupe de S. murarius — S. murarius (Linnaeus), S. foveolatus Gussakovskij, S. glasunowi Morawitz, S. sichuanensis Lee, S. crassicornis (Panzer), S. captivus (Smith), S. angustatus (Zetterstedt), S. albomarginatus albomarginatus (Saussure), S. albomarginatus midas spp.nov. (spécimen type recueilli à Bentsen, Parc d'état de la vallée du Rio Grande, Texas, états-Unis), S. decens (Kostylev), S. violaceipennis Soika, S. mizuhonis Tsuneki, S. bifasciatus (Linnaeus), S. debilitatus (Saussure), S. cliens Soika, S. connexus (Curits), S. lucens (Kostylev), S. sublaevis (Kostylev), S. canadensis (Saussure), S. projectus Bohart, S. tukvarensis (Meade-Waldo), S. nipteroides sp.nov. (spécimen type recueilli à Yourdou Nord, Inde), S. fuscipes (Herrich-Schaeffer), S. apiciornatus (Cameron), S. aurantiopictus Soika, S. allobrogus (Saussure), S. cristatus (Saussure), S. gracilis (Brullé) et S. paralleliventris Soika.

On propose les nouveaux synonymes suivants : S. calciatii (Zavattari) = S. glasunowi Morawitz; S. nursei (Bingham), S. hospes (Nurse) et S. hospitans (Dalla Torre) = S. crassicornis (Panzer); S. hakutozanus Tsuneki et S. nansetsurei Tsuneki = S. angustatus (Zetterstedt); S. walshianus (Saussure) et S. meridionalis Viereck = S. albomarginatus albomarginatus (Saussure); S. kurentzovi Kurzenko, S. iiyamai Tsuneki, S. shiroyamai Tsuneki, S. piceanus Tsuneki et S. sassai Tsuneki = S. mizuhonis Tsuneki; S. sinuatus (Fabricius), S. sinuatus mutinensis (Baldini), S. sparsus Morawitz, S. sinuatissimus Richards, S. mutinensis auster Soika et S. mutinensis yezoanus Tsuneki = S. bifasciatus (Linnaeus); S. ishikawai Soika = S. lucens (Kostylev); S. seoulensis Tsuneki = S. apiciornatus (Cameron); S. pumilus (Saussure) et S. trisulcatus Cameron = S. cristatus (Saussure); S. elegans libanicus Soika = S. gracilis (Brullé). Par ailleurs, S. allobrogus (Saussure) n'est plus synonyme de S. bifasciatus (Linnaeus). En outre, Odynerus latipennis Smith et Odynerus cilicius Cameron que l'on classait sous le genre Symmorphus, n'en font plus partie et S. sounkionis Tsuneki devient Ancistrocerus sounkionis (Tsuneki) comb.nov. On a désigné des néotypes pour S. crassicornis (Panzer) et S. fuscipes (Herrich-Schaeffer) et des lectotypes pour S. foveolatus Gussakovskij et S. glasunowi Morawitz, S. nursei (Bingham), S. laeviventris (Thomson), S. albomarginatus (Saussure), S. decens (Kostylev), S. sinuatus (Fabricius), S. sinuatus mutinensis (Baldini), S. debilitatus (Saussure), S. lucens (Kostylev), S. sublaevis (Kostylev), S. debilis (Saussure), S. apiciornatus (Cameron), S. philadelphiae (Saussure) et S. elegans (Wesmael).

On présente ici une analyse cladistique de Symmorphus, fondée sur 26 caractères; cette analyse comprend une discussion sur les relations entre le genre et le reste de la sous-famille des Eumeninés. On présente également des hypothèses sur la zoogéographie historique de Symmorphus à la lumière des reconstructions paléogéographiques et paléoclimatiques actuelles, en comparant ses relations cladistiques avec les profils corrologiques observés au sein du genre et chez d'autres Vespidés.

Type
Research Article
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The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada , Volume 121 , Supplement S148 , 1989 , pp. 5 - 168
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1989

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