Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-k7p5g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-08T10:43:55.570Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Challenges and Opportunities: The European Communities and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2009

F.G. von der Dunk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The astonishing sequence of events during the past twelve months which have completely turned Eastern Europe upside down and mark the beginning of a new era of which nobody yet knows the outlines, has turned out to be of crucial importance for the future of the European Communities as well. One of the international fora where this is obvious, is the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. With Soviet President Gorbachov calling for a follow-up Conference this November, American President Bush willing to give Western Europe -read the E.C.- primary responsibility for the economic resurrection and political integration within the West of Eastern Europe; West German Chancellor Kohl totally preoccupied by German unification, British Prime Minister, Thatcher, and French President, Mitterand, unable to give Western Europe the lead, necessary and desired, the European Communites have a unique political opportunity to take some decisive steps towards the proclaimed ultimate goal of a European Union by further tightening the Communities and enforcing their autonomous role, inter alia within the CSCE. At the same time, those steps not only seem legally desirable, but e.g. with respect to that same CSCE, perhaps also necessary for purposes of international law!

Type
Current Legal Developments
Information
Leiden Journal of International Law , Volume 3 , Issue 2 , December 1990 , pp. 247 - 257
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation of the Leiden Journal of International Law 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Cf. Preamble and Ait 1 Single European Act.

2. Cf. e.g. Blech, K., Die KSZE als Schritt im Entspannungsprozess: Bemerkungen zu Allgemeinen Aspekten der Konferenz, 30 Europa Archiv 681–692 (1975)Google Scholar; Chemenko, K., The Conference in Helsinki and International Security, 11 International Affairs 3–14 (1975)Google Scholar, citing Brezhnev; Lapenna, I., Legal Nature of the CSCE Final Act and Human Rights under International and Soviet Law. 18 Jahrbuch fur Ostrecht 9–19 (1977)Google Scholar; Meier, C., Die Auswirkungen der Konferenz von Helsinki im GesDie, 1981 Die Internationale Politik 92–93 (mentioning the GDR as the only state preferring to look upon the Final Act as if it were a treaty).Google ScholarCf. van der Meulen, J.W., De Europese Veiligheidsconferentie: bevestiging of doorbreking van de status quo?, 29 Internationale Spectator 549 (1975).Google Scholar

3. Cf. the Statute of the International Court of Justice, Art. 38, Paras, c, a and b respectively.

4. Cf. e.g. Shaw, M.N., International Law 544 (1986); The ICJ in The Nicaragua Case, 14 ICJ Reports 99–102,106, 108, 133 (1986).Google Scholar

5. See for an extensive analysis Patzina, R., Zur Bedeutung von Gewaltverbot undSelbsbestimmungsrecht in den Ostverträgen und in der Schlussakte der KSZE, 29 Österreichische Zeitschrift filr öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 1–2 (1978).Google Scholar

6. In Principle I, 4th sentence. Cf. Buchan, A., The European Implications of Super-Power Detente, 14 Österreichische Zeitschrift für Aussenpolitik 323–329 (1979).Google Scholar

7. Cf. Fawcett, J.E.S., The Helsinki Act and International Law, 1977 Revue Beige de Droit International 5–9.Google Scholar

8. See Art. 2(2) UN Charter and Res. 2625, Principle X.

9. Cf. Akkerman, R.J., De Slotakte van Helsinki: Recht, Moraal of Machtspolitiek?. Internationale Spectator, Jan. 1978, at 29–35Google Scholar; Bindschedler, R., Die Konferenz von Belgrad - Episode oder Wendepunkl?,6 Europäische Rundschau 15–24 (1978)Google Scholar; van der Meulen, J.W., De Conferenlie van Belgrade 32 Internationale Spectator 467–468 (1978).Google Scholar

10. See R.J. Akkerman, supra note 9, at 30; Delbrück, J., Die Konferenz für Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa - Von Deklamationen über Deklaralionen zu einer neuen Sicherheitsordnung in Europa?,57 Die Friedenswarte 51 (1974)Google Scholar; See I.Lapenna, supra note 2, at 11–12; Doernberg, S., Gipfeltreffen für den Frieden, 25 Deutsche Aussenpolitik 10–11 (1980).Google Scholar

11. Cf. Smouts, M.C., Problèmes Instilutionnels: les Suites Institutionnelles de la Conference sur la Sécurité el la Coopération en Europe, 27 Chronique de Politique Étrangère 736 (1974).Google Scholar

12. Cf. R. Bindschedler, supra note 9, at 19.

13. Id. at 18; Bimbaum, K.E., Alignments in Europe: the CSCE experience,37 The World Today 222 (1981).Google Scholar

14. Cf. Graf Schwerin, O.,DieSolidarität der EG-Staateninder KSZE,30 Europa Mchiv 483–493(1975)Google Scholar,Hermes, P., Die wirtschaftlichen Implikationen der KSZE, 55 Wirtschaftsdienst 394 (1975).Google Scholar

15. See Dominick, M.F., La Conférence sur la Sécurité et la Coopération en Europe: Un Cadre pour la Solution du Conflit Est-Ouest?, 19 Rev. du Marché Common 551 (1983).Google Scholar

16. Cf. A. Buchan, supra note 6, at 327, quoting Brezhnev in 1972.

17. Cf. in respect of customary law, The ICJ in the North Sea Continental Shelf Cases, 4 ICJ Reports (1974).

18. Analogous to or in accordance e.g. with Artt. 113, 116 and 238 EEC Treaty; Art. 9 Single European Act.

19. Cf. Art. 3(2) Single European Act.

20. Art. 30(3.b) Single European Act.

21. See, e.g., D. Allen, et al., European Political Cooperation, Butterworths European Studies (1982).

22. Art. 30(10.b & d), Single European Act.

23. Cf., e.g., Buijink, C., et al., EPS en NAVO: polilieke tegenwerking?, 32 Internationale Spectator 505,507 (1978)Google Scholar; Lord, Carrington, European Political Cooperation: America Should Welcome it, 1982 International Affairs 3.Google Scholar

24. See, e.g., C. Buijink, supra note 23, at 497; Hansen, N., Die Europäische Politische Zusammenarbeil bet den Vereinten Nationen, 15 Europa Archiv 494 (1975)Google Scholar; John, I.G., The Helsinki-Belgrade Connection,5 International Relations 146 (1977).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

25. Cf. Burban, J.-L., La Communauté Européenne et la Défense. 36 Defense Nationale 97–108 (1980)Google Scholar; D. Allen, supra note 21, at 107, 164–168; P. Hermes, supra note 14, at 395.

26. Cf., e.g., R. Bindschelder, supra note 9, at 348, with a 1970-point of view that the ultimate goal of the EC was too far away to have legal relevance in this respect at the time.

27. Dehaime, J., Le Projet Français de Conférence de Désarmement en Europe et la Reunion de Madrid,36 Defense Nalionale 103 (1980).Google Scholar

28. Cf. Haagerup, N., Defence and Security in the European Community. Nato's Fifteen Nations 39 (1982).Google Scholar

29. Wettig, G., Die Warschauer-Pakl-Slaaten aufder Belgrader KSZE-Folgekonferenz, 28 Osteuroparecht 484 (1978). See C. Meier, supra note 2, at 97.Google Scholar