Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-tsvsl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-25T08:38:08.877Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Translating Human Rights of the “Enemy”: The Case of Israeli NGOs Defending Palestinian Rights

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Abstract

This article explores the practices, discourses and dilemmas of the Israeli human rights NGOs that are working to protect and promote the human rights of Palestinians in the Occupied Territories. This case can shed light on the complex process of “triangular translation” of human rights, which is distinct from other forms of human rights localization studied thus far. In this process, human rights NGOs translate international human rights norms on the one hand, and the suffering of the victims on the other, into the conceptions and legal language commonly employed by the state that violates these rights. We analyze the dialectics of change and reproduction embedded in the efforts of Israeli activists to defend Palestinian human rights while at the same time depoliticizing their work and adopting discriminatory premises and conceptions hegemonic in Israeli society. The recent and alarming legislative proposals in Israel aimed at curtailing the work of human rights NGOs reinforce the need to reconsider the role of human rights NGOs in society, including their depoliticized strategies, their use of legal language and their relations with the diminishing peace movement.

Type
Articles
Copyright
© 2012 Law and Society Association.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

We are grateful to all the interviewees for their honesty and courage to share and reflect on their dilemmas. Limor Yehuda and Amany Khalefa contributed many insights to this research. Special thanks to Stanley Cohen for valuable comments on an earlier draft. We thank the editors and three anonymous reviewers for their very helpful comments and suggestions.

References

References

Abel, Richard L. (1995) Politics by Other Means: Law in the Struggle against Apartheid, 1980–1994. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Acharya, Amitav (2004) “How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism,” 58 International Organization 239–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
An-Na'im, Abdullahi A. (2001) “Human Rights in the Arab World: A Regional Perspective,” 23 Human Rights Q. 701–32.Google Scholar
Ballas, Irit (2010) Palestinian Lawyers in Israeli Human Rights NGOs. Unpublished Seminar Paper [in Hebrew].Google Scholar
Benhabib, Seyla (2004) The Rights of Others: Aliens, Residents, and Citizens. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benhabib, Seyla (2009) “Claiming Rights across Borders: International Human Rights and Democratic Sovereignty,” 103 American Political Science Rev. 691704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Naftali, Orna, & Shany, Yuval (2004) “Living in Denial: The Application of Human Rights in the Occupied Territories,” 37 Israeli Law Rev. 17118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benvenisti, Eyal (1993) The International Law of Occupation. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Berkovitch, Nitza (1999) From Motherhood to Citizenship: Women's Rights and International Organizations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Berlin, Adele, & Grossman, Maxine L., eds. (2011) The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Wendy (1995) States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Wendy, & Halley, Janet (2002) “Introduction,” in Brown, W., & Halley, J., eds., Left Legalism/Left Critique. Durham: Duke Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brysk, Alison (1994) The Politics of Human Rights in Argentina: Protest, Change, and Democratization. Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Çali, Basak, & Meckled-García, Saladin, eds. (2006) The Legalization of Human Rights: Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives on Human Rights and Human Rights Law. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cmiel, Kenneth (2004) “The Recent History of Human Rights,” 109 The American Historical Rev. 117–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Stanley (2001) States of Denial: Knowing about Atrocities and Suffering. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, Stanley, & Golan, Daphna (1991) The Interrogation of Palestinians During the Intifada: Illtreatment, “Moderate Physical Pressure” or Torture? Jerusalem: B'Tselem.Google Scholar
Cowan, Jane K. (2006) “Culture and Rights after Culture and Rights,” 108 American Anthropologist 924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, Jane K., Dembour, Marie-Bénédicte, & Wilson, Richard A., eds. (2001) Culture and Rights: Anthropological Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donnelly, Jack (2003) Universal Human Rights in Theory & Practice, 2nd ed. Ithaca and London: Cornell Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Epp, Charles R. (1998) The Rights Revolution: Lawyers, Activists, and Supreme Courts in Comparative Perspective. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferree, Myra Marx (2003) “Resonance and Radicalism: Feminist Framing in the Abortion Debates of the United States and Germany,” 109 American J. of Sociology 304–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finnemore, Martha, & Sikkink, Kathryn (1998) “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change,” 52 International Organization 887917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, William F. (1997) “Doing Good? The Politics and Antipolitics of NGO Practices,” 26 Annual Rev. of Anthropology 439–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gamson, William A., & Modigliani, Andre (1989) “Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach,” 95 American J. of Sociology 137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gavison, Ruth (2009) “The Hollow Hope—Can Courts Bring About Social Change? A Book Review of Gerald Rosenbeg, 2nd Edition (2008),” 2 Ma'asei Mishpat 1532. [In Hebrew].Google Scholar
Geertz, Cliford (1983) Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Golan-Agnon, Daphna (2005) Next Year in Jerusalem: Everyday Life in a Divided Land. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Goodale, Mark (2006) “Introduction to ‘Anthropology and Human Rights in a New Key’,” 108 American Anthropologist 18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodale, Mark (2007) “Introduction: Locating Rights, Envisioning Law Between the Global and the Local,” in Goodale, M., & Merry, S. E., eds., The Practice of Human Rights: Tracking Law Between the Global and the Local. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodale, Mark (2009) Surrendering to Utopia: An Anthropology of Human Rights. Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Goodale, Mark, & Merry, Sally Engle, eds. (2007) The Practice of Human Rights: Tracking Law Between the Global and the Local. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Neve, & Berkovitch, Nitza (2007) “Human Rights Discourse in Domestic Settings: How Does It Emerge?,” 55 Political Studies 243–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gramsci, Antonio (1971) Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. Hoare, Q., & Smith, G. N., eds. New York: International Publishers.Google Scholar
Grandin, Greg (2004) The Last Colonial Massacre: The Latin American Cold War and It Consequence. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregg, Benjamin (2008) “Translating Human Rights into Muslim Vernaculars,” 7 Comparative Sociology 457–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurowitz, Amy (1999) “Mobilizing International Norms: Domestic Actors, Immigrants, and the Japanese State,” 51 World Politics 413–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hafner-Burton, Emilie, & Ron, James (2009) “Seeing Double: Human Rights through Qualitative and Quantitative Eyes,” 62 World Politics 360401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hajjar, Lisa (2005) Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.Google Scholar
Hale, Charles R. (2002) “Does Multiculturalism Menace? Governance, Cultural Rights and the Politics of Identity in Guatemala,” 34 J. of Latin American Studies 485524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hastrup, Kirsten (2003) “Representing the Common Good: The Limits of Legal Language,” in Wilson, R. A., & Mitchell, J., eds., Human Rights in Global Perspective: Anthropological Studies of Rights, Claims and Entitlements. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hermann, Tamar S. (2009) The Israeli Peace Movement: A Shattered Dream. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houtzager, Peter P. (2005) “The Movement of the Landless (MST), Juridical Field, and Legal Change in Brazil,” in de Sousa Santos, B., & Rodriguez-Garavito, C., eds., Law and Globalization from Below: Towards a Cosmopolitan Legality. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Ignatieff, Michael (2001) Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keck, Margaret E., & Sikkink, Kathryn (1998) Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca and London: Cornell Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Kennedy, David (2004) The Dark Sides of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khagram, Sanjeev, Riker, James V., & Sikkink, Kathryn, eds. (2002) Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks and Norms. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Kretzmer, David (2002) The Occupation of Justice: The Supreme Court of Israel and the Occupied Territories. Albany: State Univ. of New York Press.Google Scholar
Levitt, Peggy, & Merry, Sally Engle (2008) Unpacking the Vernacularization Process: The Transnational Circulation of Women's Human Rights. http://www.conference2004.jjay.cuny.edu/centersinstitutes/cihr/pdfs/Sally_Engle_Merry.pdf (accessed 20 Oct. 2010).Google Scholar
Levitt, Peggy, & Merry, Sally Engle (2009) “Vernacularization on the Ground: Local Uses of Global Women's Rights in Peru, China, India and the United States,” 9 Global Networks 441–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McEvoy, Kieran (2007) “Beyond Legalism: Towards a Thicker Understanding of Transitional Justice,” 34 J. of Law and Society 411–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merry, Sally Engle (2006a) Human Rights and Gender Violence: Translating International Law into Local Justice. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Merry, Sally Engle (2006b) “Transnational Human Rights and Local Activism: Mapping the Middle,” 108 American Anthropologist 3851.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merry, Sally Engle, & Stern, Rachel E. (2005) “The Female Inheritance Movement in Hong Kong: Theorizing the Local/Global Interface,” 46 Current Anthropology 387409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merry, Sally Engle, et al. (2010) “Law from Below: Women's Human Rights and Social Movements in New York City,” 44 Law & Society Rev. 101–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliver, Pamela E., & Johnston, Hank (2000) “What a Good Idea! Ideologies and Frames in Social Movement Research,” 4 Mobilization 3754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orr, Zvika (2011) “Imposed Politics of Cultural Differences: Managed Multiculturalism in Israeli Civil Society,” 55 Social Analysis 7492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preis, Ann-Belinda S. (1996) “Human Rights as Cultural Practice: An Anthropological Critique,” 18 Human Rights Q. 286315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajagopal, Balakrishnan (2003) International Law from Below: Development, Social Movements and Third World Resistance. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajagopal, Balakrishnan (2005) “Limits of Law in Counter-Hegemonic Globalization: The Indian Supreme Court and the Narmada Valley Struggle,” in de Sousa Santos, B., & Rodriguez-Garavito, C., eds., Law and Globalization from Below: Towards a Cosmopolitan Legality. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Rajaram, N., & Zararia, Vaishali (2009) “Translating Women's Human Rights in a Globalizing World: The Spiral Process in Reducing Gender Injustice in Baroda, India,” 9 Global Networks 462–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riles, Annelise (2000) The Network Inside Out. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Risse, Thomas (1999) “International Norms and Domestic Change: Arguing and Communicative Behavior in the Human Rights Area,” 27 Politics and Society 529–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Risse, Thomas, Ropp, Stephen C., & Sikkink, Kathryn, eds. (1999) The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, Roland (1995) “Glocalization: Time-Space and Homogeneity-Heterogeneity,” in Featherstone, M., Lash, S., & Robertson, R., eds., Global Modernities. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Santos, Boaventura de Sousa (1995) Toward a New Common Sense: Law, Science and Politics in the Paradigmatic Transition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Santos, Boaventura de Sousa (2002) Toward a New Legal Common Sense: Law, Globalization, and Emancipation, 2nd ed. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Şerban Rosen, Mihaela, & Yoon, Diana H. (2009) “‘Bringing Coals to Newcastle'? Human Rights, Civil Rights and Social Movements in New York City,” 9 Global Networks 507–28.Google Scholar
Sfard, Michael (2009) “The Price of Internal Legal Opposition to Human Rights Abuses,” 1 J. of Human Rights Practice 3750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shalhoub-Kevorkian, Nadera (2009) Militarization and Violence against Women in Conflict Zones in the Middle East: A Palestinian Case-Study. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shamir, Ronen (1990) “Landmark Cases and the Reproduction of Legitimacy: The Case of Israel's High Court of Justice,” 24 Law & Society Rev. 781805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shulman, David (2007) Dark Hope: Working for Peace in Israel and Palestine. Chicago: The Univ. of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slyomovics, Susan (2005) The Performance of Human Rights in Morocco. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Snow, David E., et al. (1986) “Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation,” 51 American Sociological Rev. 464–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Speed, Shannon (2007) Rights in Rebellion: Indigenous Struggle and Human Rights in Chiapas. Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, Rachel E. (2005) “Unpacking Adaptation: The Female Inheritance Movement in Hong Kong,” 10 Mobilization 421–39.Google Scholar
Svirsky, Gila (2003) “Local Coalitions, Global Partners: The Women's Peace Movement in Israel and Beyond,” 29 J. of Women in Culture and Society 543–50.Google Scholar
Wilson, Richard Ashby, ed. (1997) Human Rights, Culture and Context: Anthropological Perspectives. London and Chicago: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, Richard Ashby, & Mitchell, Jon P., eds. (2003) Human Rights in Global Perspective: Anthropological Studies of Rights, Claims and Entitlements. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Cases Cited

HCJ 785/87 Abd Afu et al. v. IDF Commander in the West Bank et al. (1988).Google Scholar
HCJ 670/89 Musa Odeh et al. v. Commander of the IDF Forces in Judea and Samaria et al. (1989).Google Scholar
HCJ 5973/92 The Association for Civil Rights in Israel et al. v. Minister of Defense et al. (1993).Google Scholar
HCJ 7081/93 Shahar Botzer v. Macabim-Reut Local Council (1996).Google Scholar
HCJ 721/94 El-Al Israel Airlines v. Yonatan Danilovitz (1994).Google Scholar
HCJ 4541/94 Alice Miller v. Minister of Defense et al. (1995).Google Scholar
HCJ 5100/94 The Public Committee Against Torture in Israel v. The State of Israel (1999).Google Scholar
HCJ 6757/95 Hamoked: Center for the Defence of the Individual et al. v. Commander of the IDF Forces in Judea and Samaria (1996).Google Scholar
HCJ 2056/04 The Beit Sourik Village Council v. The Government of Israel (2004).Google Scholar
HCJ 7957/04 Zaharan Yunis Muhammad Mara'abe v. The Prime Minister (2005).Google Scholar
HCJ 8414/05 Ahmed Issa Abdallah Yassin v. The Government of Israel et al. (2007).Google Scholar