Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-v5vhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-17T15:48:52.116Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Litigating within Relationships: Disputes and Disturbance in the Regulatory Process

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2024

Abstract

This article reports data that contrast with an extended tradition of viewing litigation as incompatible with ongoing relationships. Within the regulatory process at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), nongovernmental actors having the most sustained relationships with EPA are the ones most likely to engage in litigation against the agency. Litigation within regulatory relationships is not explained by existing theory, which treats litigation largely as a function of relationships. A disturbance theory of disputing, which focuses on how litigation interacts with existing relationships, provides a more robust account of litigation generally and of its compatibility with ongoing regulatory relationships.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 by The Law and Society Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

This article is based on research supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (No. SES-9211920) and a Gerald R. Ford Fellowship from the University of Michigan. An earlier version of this article was presented at the 1995 meeting of the Law and Society Association and at faculty workshops at Harvard University. I am grateful to the participants in these sessions for their suggestions. I am especially indebted to those who gave of their time to read and comment on earlier versions of this work, among them Arthur Applbaum, John Applegate, Richard Hall, David Hart, David King, John Kingdon, John Lande, Richard Lempert, Noga Morag Levine, Mark Moore, Kim Lane Scheppele, Peter Strauss, Michael Strine, and several anonymous reviewers.

References

References

Axelrod, Robert (1984) The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Baird, Douglas G., Gertner, Robert H., & Picker, Randal C. (1994) Game Theory and the Law. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, Frank R., & Jones, Bryan (1991) “Agenda Dynamics and Policy Subsystems,” 53 J. of Politics 1044.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, Frank R., & Jones, Bryan (1993) Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bohannan, Paul (1965) “The Differing Realms of the Law,” 67 American Anthropologist 33 (Special Issue, “The Ethnography of Law”).Google Scholar
Chayes, Abram (1976) “The Role of the Judge in Public Law Litigation,” 89 Harvard Law Rev. 1281.Google Scholar
Coglianese, Cary (1994) “Challenging the Rules: Litigation and Bargaining in the Administrative Process.” Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Michigan.Google Scholar
Cortner, Richard C. (1968) “Strategies and Tactics of Litigants in Constitutional Cases,” 17 J. of Public Law 287.Google Scholar
Damaska, Mirjan R. (1986) The Faces of Justice and State Authority: A Comparative Approach to the Legal Process. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.Google Scholar
DeLong, James V. (1982) “How to Convince an Agency: A Handbook for Policy Advocates,” 6 Regulation 27 (Sept./Oct.).Google Scholar
Ekland-Olson, Sheldon, Lieb, John, & Zurcher, Louis (1984) “The Paradoxical Impact of Criminal Sanctions: Some Microstructural Findings,” 18 Law & Society Rev. 159.Google Scholar
Ellickson, Robert C. (1991) Order without Law: How Neighbors Settle Disputes. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engel, David M. (1984) “The Oven Bird's Song: Insiders, Outsiders, and Personal Injuries in an American Community,” 18 Law & Society Rev. 551.Google Scholar
Felstiner, William L. F., Abel, Richard L., & Sarat, Austin (1980–81) “The Emergence and Transformation of Disputes: Naming, Blaming, Claiming …,” 15 Law & Society Rev. 631.Google Scholar
Fisher, Roger, & Ury, William (1981) Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement without Giving in. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Flemming, Roy B., Nardulli, Peter F., & Eisenstein, James (1992) The Craft of Justice: Politics and Work in Criminal Court Communities. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gais, Thomas L., Peterson, Mark A., & Walker, Jack L. (1984) “Interest Groups, Iron Triangles, and Representative Institutions in American National Government,” 14 British J. of Political Science 161.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc (1974) “Why the ‘Haves’ Come out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change,” 9 Law & Society Rev. 95.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc (1983) “Reading the Landscape of Disputes: What We Know and Don't Know (and Think We Know) about Our Allegedly Contentious and Litigious Society,” 31 UCLA Law Rev. 4.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc (1984) “Worlds of Deals: Using Negotiation to Teach about Legal Process,” 34 J. of Legal Education 268.Google Scholar
Gilson, Ronald J. & Mnookin, Robert H. (1994) “Disputing through Agents: Cooperation and Conflict between Lawyers in Litigation,” 94 Columbia Law Rev. 509.Google Scholar
Hawkins, Keith (1984) Environment and Enforcement: Regulation and the Social Definition of Pollution. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heclo, Hugh (1978) “Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment,” in King, A. S., ed., The New American Political System. Washington: American Enterprise Institute.Google Scholar
Heinz, John P., Laumann, Edward O., Nelson, Robert L., & Salisbury, Robert H. (1993) The Hollow Core: Private Interests in National Policy Making. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Hirschman, Albert O. (1970) Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Kagan, Robert (1991) “Adversarial Legalism and American Government,” 10 J. of Public Policy & Management 369.Google Scholar
Kerwin, Cornelius M. (1994) Rulemaking: How Government Agencies Write Law and Make Policy. Washington: CQ Press.Google Scholar
King, Gary, Keohane, Robert O., & Verba, Sidney (1994) Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kritzer, Herbert M. (1986) “Adjudication to Settlement: Shading in the Gray,” 70 Judicature 161.Google Scholar
Landon, Donald D. (1985) “Clients, Colleagues and Community: The Shaping of Zealous Advocacy in Country Law Practice,” 1985 American Bar Foundation Research J. 81.Google Scholar
Lempert, Richard O., & Sanders, Joseph (1986) An Invitation to Law and Social Science: Desert, Disputes, and Distribution. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macaulay, Stewart (1963) “Non-contractual Relations in Business: A Preliminary Study,” 28 American Sociological Rev. 55.Google Scholar
Macaulay, Stewart (1985) “An Empirical View of Contract,” 1985 Wisconsin Law Rev. 465.Google Scholar
Mandelker, Daniel R. (1981) Environment and Equity: A Regulatory Challenge. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Meidinger, Errol (1987) “Regulatory Culture: A Theoretical Outline,” 9 Law & Policy 355.Google Scholar
Merry, Sally Engle (1979) “Going to Court: Strategies of Dispute Management in an American Urban Neighborhood,” 13 Law & Society Rev. 891.Google Scholar
Murninghan, J. Keith, & Roth, Alvin E. (1983) “Expecting Continued Play in Prisoner's Dilemma Games,” 27 J. of Conflict Resolution 279.Google Scholar
Nelson, Robert L., Heinz, John P., Laumann, Edward O., & Salisbury, Robert H. (1988) “Lawyers and the Structure of Influence in Washington,” 22 Law & Society Rev. 237.Google Scholar
Olson, Susan M. (1990) “Interest Group Litigation in Federal District Court: Beyond the Political Disadvantage Theory,” 52 J. of Politics 854.Google Scholar
Palay, Thomas M. (1984) “Comparative Institutional Economics: The Governance of Rail Freight Contracting,” 13 J. of Legal Studies 265.Google Scholar
Quirk, Paul J. (1981) Industry Influence in Federal Regulatory Agencies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, Gerald (1991) The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring about Social Change? Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sarat, Austin, & Felstiner, William L. F. (1986) “Law and Strategy in the Divorce Lawyer's Office,” 20 Law & Society Rev. 93.Google Scholar
Schattschneider, E. E. (1983) The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America. Hinsdale, IL: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.Google Scholar
Scheppele, Kim Lane, & Walker, Jack L. (1991) “The Litigation Strategies of Interest Groups,” in Walker, J., ed., Mobilizing Interest Groups in America: Patrons, Professions, and Social Movements. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Schlozman, Kay Lehman, & Tierney, John T. (1986) Organized Interests and American Democracy. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Scholz, John T. (1984) “Cooperation, Deterrence, and the Ecology of Regulatory Enforcement,” 18 Law & Society Rev. 179.Google Scholar
Schuck, Peter H., & Elliott, E. Donald (1990) “To the Chevron Station: An Empirical Study of Federal Administrative Law,” 1990 Duke Law J. 984.Google Scholar
Sellers, Jefferey M. (1995) “Litigation as a Local Political Resource: Courts in Controversies over Land Use in France, Germany, and the United States,” 29 Law & Society Rev. 475.Google Scholar
Siegelman, Peter, & Donohue, John J. III (1990) “Studying the Iceberg from Its Tip: A Comparison of Published and Unpublished Employment Discrimination Cases,” 24 Law & Society Rev. 1133.Google Scholar
Stewart, Richard B. (1985) “The Discontents of Legalism: Interest Group Relations in Administrative Regulation,” 1985 Wisconsin Law Rev. 655.Google Scholar
Trubek, David M. (1978) “Environmental Defense I,” in Weisbrod, B., Handler, J. F., & Komesar, N. K., eds., Public Interest Law: An Economic and Institutional Analysis. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.Google Scholar
Trubek, David M., & Gillen, William J. (1978) “Environmental Defense II,” in Weisbrod, B., Handler, J. F., & Komesar, N. K., eds., Public Interest Law: An Economic and Institutional Analysis. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.Google Scholar
Trubek, David M., Sarat, Austin, Felstiner, William L. F., Kritzer, Herbert M., & Grossman, Joel B. (1983) “The Costs of Ordinary Litigation,” 31 UCLA Law Rev. 72.Google Scholar
Turner, Tom (1988) “The Legal Eagles,” 10 Amicus J. 25 (Winter).Google Scholar
Wenner, Lettie M. (1982) The Environmental Decade in Court. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Wenner, Lettie M. (1990) “The Reagan Era in Environmental Regulation,” in Mills, M. K., ed., Conflict Resolution and Public Policy. New York: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
White, Lucie E. (1990) “Subordination, Rhetorical Survival Skills, and Sunday Shoes: Notes on the Hearing of Mrs. G,” 38 Buffalo Law Rev. 1.Google Scholar
Wilson, James Q. (1980) “The Politics of Regulation,” in Wilson, J. Q., ed., The Politics of Regulation. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Yeazell, Stephen C. (1977) “Group Litigation and Social Context: Toward a History of the Class Action,” 77 Columbia Law Rev. 866.Google Scholar
Yngvesson, Barbara (1985) “Re-examining Continuing Relations and the Law,” 1985 Wisconsin Law Rev. 623.Google Scholar

Statute

Resource Conservation & Recovery Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 6976, 7006 (1988).Google Scholar