Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-fv566 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-16T23:17:19.777Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Torture in Thailand at the Limits of Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 April 2022

Abstract

How do courts mediate the relationship between the practice of torture and the content of law in places where torture is neither explicitly criminalized nor authorized? If torture is recounted in court, then what happens? Drawing on sixteen months of observation and documentary research in Thailand, this article outlines a jurisprudence of torture in which judges accommodate the practice by denying the facticity of narratives about torture, or accepting the narratives’ facticity but denying that anyone can be held responsible, or accepting that someone might be held responsible but excusing them of responsibility in the name of duty or by holding only one or two of them, or their employer, in some way liable. Through this jurisprudence, judges in Thailand have kept torture at the limits of law: not on a boundary between the legal and illegal, but on a line between the legally ordered and unordered, which is to say, in the realm of the alegal.

Type
Articles
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Bar Foundation

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

AFP. “Lawmakers Vote on Law against Torture, Disappearances.” Bangkok Post, September 16, 2021. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/2182987.Google Scholar
AFP. “Long-delayed Torture Bill Gets Green Light in Parliament.” Bangkok Post, February 24, 2022. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2269251/long-delayed-torture-bill-gets-green-light-in-parliament.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. Thailand: Torture in the Southern Counterinsurgency. London: Amnesty International Publications, 2009.Google Scholar
Ballas, Irit. “Fracturing the ‘Exception’: The Legal Sanctioning of Violent Interrogation Methods in Israel since 1987.Law and Social Inquiry 45, no. 3 (2020): 818–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Başoğlu, Metin, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Becker, Howard S.Whose Side Are We On?Social Problems 14, no. 3 (1967): 239–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, Sarah. “The Thai Administrative Courts and Environmental Conflicts: A Case Study of Map Ta Phut, Rayong.” B. Asian Studies (Honours) diss., Australian National University, 2011.Google Scholar
Celermajer, Danielle. The Prevention of Torture: An Ecological Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheesman, Nick. “Cyborgs, Torturers, and the Making of Forensic Psychological Knowledge.” Law and Social Inquiry (2021a). doi: 10.1017/lsi.2021.83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheesman, Nick. “What Constitutes Torture? A Recent Case in Thailand Demonstrates Its Perverse Logic.” ABC Religion & Ethics. September 6, 2021b. https://www.abc.net.au/religion/thailand-police-and-what-constitutes-torture/13529178.Google Scholar
Cohen, Stanley. States of Denial: Knowing about Atrocities and Suffering. Cambridge: Polity, 2001.Google Scholar
Cover, Robert. “Violence and the Word.Yale Law Journal 95, no. 8 (1986): 1601–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cross Cultural Foundation. เมื่อผมถูกทรมาน … ผมจึงมาตามหาความยุติธรรม [When I Was Tortured … I Then Sought Justice]. Bangkok: Cross Cultural Foundation, 2021.Google Scholar
Cross Cultural Foundation, Duayjai, and Patani Human Rights Organisation. “Torture and Ill-Treatment in Thailand’s Deep South.” Article 2 15, no. 2 (2016): 6–44.Google Scholar
Dershowitz, Alan M. Why Terrorism Works: Understanding the Threat, Responding to the Challenge. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Dressel, Björn. “Judicialization of Politics or Politicization of the Judiciary? Considerations from Recent Events in Thailand.Pacific Review 23, no. 5 (2010): 671–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyzenhaus, David. The Constitution of Law: Legality in a Time of Emergency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyzenhaus, David. “The Compulsion of Legality.” In Emergencies and the Limits of Legality, edited by Victor, V. Ramraj, 3359. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engel, David M., and Engel, Jaruwan S.. Tort, Custom, and Karma: Globalization and Legal Consciousness in Thailand. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Fassin, Didier. Humanitarian Reason: A Moral History of the Present. Translated by Gomme, Rachel. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Feldman, Leonard C.Police Violence and the Legal Temporalities of Immunity.Theory and Event 20, no. 2 (2017): 329–50.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Sheridan, Alan. London: Allen Lane, 1977. Original edition, 1975.Google Scholar
Fujii, Lee Ann.Research Ethics 101: Dilemmas and Responsibilities.PS: Political Science and Politics 45, no. 4 (2012): 717–23.Google Scholar
Greene, Graham. Our Man in Havana. London: Penguin, 2007. First published 1958.Google Scholar
Haberkorn, Tyrell. “When Torture Is a Duty: The Murder of Imam Yapa Kaseng and the Challenge of Accountability in Thailand.Asian Studies Review 39, no. 1 (2015): 5368.Google Scholar
Haberkorn, Tyrell. In Plain Sight: Impunity and Human Rights in Thailand. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Hajjar, Lisa. Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Harding, Andrew, and Pongsapan, Munin, eds. Thai Legal History: From Traditional to Modern Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Human Rights Watch. “The Guantanamo Trials.” Human Rights Watch. Accessed October 31, 2020. https://www.hrw.org/guantanamo-trials.Google Scholar
Johns, Fleur. Non-Legality in International Law: Unruly Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Kahn, Paul. Sacred Violence: Torture, Terror, and Sovereignty. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, Samson. Siam’s New Detectives: Visualizing Crime and Conspiracy in Modern Thailand. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindahl, Hans. Fault Lines of Globalization: Legal Order and the Politics of A-legality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loevy, Karin. “Cycles of Compulsion: Efficacy and Legality in the History of Israeli Torture Debates and Practice.” In Interrogation and Torture: Integrating Efficacy with Law and Morality, edited by Steven, J. Barela, Fallon, Mark, Gaggioli, Gloria, and Ohlin, Jens David, 319–36. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lokaneeta, Jinee. Transnational Torture: Law, Violence, and State Power in the United States and India. New York: New York University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Matthews, Richard. The Absolute Violation: Why Torture Must Be Prohibited. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
McCargo, Duncan. “Network Monarchy and Legitimacy Crises in Thailand.Pacific Review 18, no. 4 (2005): 499519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCargo, Duncan. Tearing Apart the Land: Islam and Legitimacy in Southern Thailand. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
McCargo, Duncan. Fighting for Virtue: Justice and Politics in Thailand. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
McCargo, Duncan. “Punitive Processes? Judging in Thai Lower Criminal Courts.” Asian Journal of Law and Society (2020): 1–25. doi: 10.1017/als.2020.22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monroe, Kristen Renwick.Empirical Political Theory: Different Perspectives on a Common Enterprise.” In Contemporary Empirical Political Theory, edited by Monroe, Kristen Renwick, 110. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munger, Frank. “Revolution Imagined: Cause Advocacy, Consumer Rights, and the Evolving Role of NGOs in Thailand.Asian Journal of Comparative Law 9 (2014): 2964.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munger, Frank W., Thoviriyavej, Peerawich, and Rabiablok, Vorapitchaya. “An Alternative Path to the Rule of Law? Thailand’s Twenty-First Century Administrative Courts.Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 26, no. 1 (2019): 133–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, Diane M. Who Counts? The Mathematics of Death and Life after Genocide. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Nowak, Manfred. “What Practices Constitute Torture? US and UN Standards.Human Rights Quarterly 28, no. 4 (2006): 809–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowak, Manfred, and Monina, Giuliana. “Defining Torture and the Obligation of Systematic Review in the CAT Treaty.” In Interrogation and Torture: Integrating Efficacy with Law and Morality, edited by Steven, J. Barela, Fallon, Mark, Gaggioli, Gloria, and Ohlin, Jens David, 2136. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parry, John T. Understanding Torture: Law, Violence, and Political Identity. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phanthanusorn, Paveena. “ปัญหาการรับฟังถ้อยคำของผู้ถูกจับในัั้นจับกุม /Problem Relating to the Admissability of Given Statement of the Accused during Arrest.LLM diss., Thammasat University, 2008.Google Scholar
Prachatai. “Kritsuda Reveals Military Tortured Her to Link Thaksin to Hard-Core Red Shirts.” Prachatai. August 2, 2014. https://prachatai.com/english/node/4267.Google Scholar
Pawakapan, Puangthong R.. The Central Role of Thailand’s Internal Security Operations Command in the Post-Counter-Insurgency Period. Trends in Southeast Asia, no. 17/2017. Singapore: ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute, 2017.Google Scholar
Rejali, Darius. Torture and Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Craig. Power, Protection and Magic in Thailand: The Cosmos of a Southern Policeman. Canberra: ANU Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Polchai, Sanchai. “How Can the Appellate Court in Thailand Dispatch a Speedy Criminal Appeal.PhD diss., University of Kansas, 2012.Google Scholar
Sarat, Austin, and Kearns, Thomas R.. “A Journey through Forgetting: Toward a Jurisprudence of Violence.” In The Fate of Law, edited by Sarat, Austin and Thomas, R. Kearns, 209–73. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarat, Austin, and Kearns, Thomas R.. “Making Peace with Violence: Robert Cover on Law and Legal Theory.” In Law’s Violence, edited by Sarat, Austin and Thomas, R. Kearns, 211–50. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Shimabuku, Annamaria M. Alegal: Biopolitics and the Unintelligibility of Okinawan Life. New York: Fordham University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Shklar, Judith N. Legalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964.Google Scholar
Kusonsinwut, Siriphon. “A Comparative Study of Confession Law: The Lesson for Thailand Regarding the Exclusionary Rule and Confession Admissability Standard.PhD diss., University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2008.Google Scholar
Wongsinnak, Suchat. “Legal Consciousness, Human Rights, and the Thai War on Drugs.” PhD diss., University of Florida, 2009.Google Scholar
Tate, Winifred. Counting the Dead: The Culture and Politics of Human Rights Activism in Colombia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Rath, Thai. “อดีตผกก.โจ้ แถลงศาล มีคนตัดต่อคลิปถุงครอบหัว เอาภาพตำรวจบางนายออกไป [Ex-Sup. Joe Testifies Suffocation Video Edited to Remove Images of Some Police].” Thai Rath. January 19, 2022. https://www.thairath.co.th/news/crime/2291428.Google Scholar
Ariaynuntaka, Vichai. “Court-Annexed ADR: A New Challenge.” WIPO Asia-Pacific Regional Colloquium for the Judiciary on Intellectual Property, New Delhi, February 6–8, 2002. https://coj.go.th/th/content/page/index/id/92011.Google Scholar
Muntarbhorn, Vitit. The Core Human Rights Treaties and Thailand. Leiden: Brill, 2016.Google Scholar
Wagner-Pacifici, Robin. “The Innocuousness of State Lethality in an Age of National Security.South Atlantic Quarterly 107, no. 3 (2008): 459–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yanow, Dvora. “Interpretive Empirical Political Science: What Makes This Not a Subfield of Qualitative Methods.Qualitative Methods 1, no. 2 (2003): 913.Google Scholar