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Rural Development Questions in Latin America

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UNDERMINING RURAL DEVELOPMENT WITH CHEAP CREDIT Edited by ADAMSDALE W., GRAHAMDOUGLAS H., and VON PISCHKEJ. D. (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1984). Pp. 307. $25.00.)
AGRICULTURAL CHOICE AND CHANGE: DECISION MAKING IN A COSTA RICAN COMMUNITY. By BARLETTPEGGY F. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1982. Pp. 189. $22.50.)
NATURAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT IN ARID REGIONS. Edited by CAMPOS-LOPEZENRIQUE and ANDERSONROBERT J. (Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1983. Pp. 360. $29.00.)

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Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 October 2022

William C. Thiesenhusen
William C. Thiesenhusen*
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin, Madison
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Abstract

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Type
Review Essays
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 22 , Issue 1 , 1987 , pp. 171 - 203
Copyright
Copyright © 1987 by the University of Texas Press

Footnotes

∗

The author wishes to thank Michael Carter, Carol Dickerman, Jane Dennis-Collins, Susana Lastarria, and Eugenia Loyster for help with an earlier draft.

References

Notes

1. World Bank, World Development Report (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1985). OEDC forecasters anticipate that the 1986 average will be a 4.2 percent rate of growth for Latin America, up from a probable 3.2 percent in 1985, as reported in U.S. News and World Report, 19 August 1985. The per capita GDP growth rates for 1981, 1982, and 1983 were −1.0, −3.4, and −5.6 percent. Inter-American Development Bank, Economic and Social Progress in Latin America, 1985 Report (Washington, D.C.: IADB, 1985), 152.

2. Urna Lele, “The Design of Rural Development,” in Lessons from Africa (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 19–21.

3. Lovell Jarvis, Chilean Agriculture under Military Rule: From Reform to Reaction, 1973–80 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).

4. P. Lamartine Yates, Mexico's Agricultural Dilemma (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1981).

5. Judith Adler Hellman, Mexico in Crisis, 2d ed. (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1983); and Steven E. Sanderson, The Transformation of Mexican Agriculture (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986).

6. Anthony Y. C. Koo, “Towards a More General Model of Land Tenancy and Reform,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 87 (Nov. 1973):567–80. Comment by M. Quibria and Salim Rashid and reply by Anthony Y C. Koo, Quarterly Journal of Economics 96 (Nov. 1981):725–31. See also Steven N. S. Cheung, “Private Property Rights and Sharecropping,” Journal of Political Economy 76 (Nov.–Dec. 1968):1107–22; Steven N. S. Cheung, The Theory of Share Tenancy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969); J. C. Hsiao, “The Theory of Share Tenancy Revisited,” Journal of Political Economy 83 (Oct. 1975):1023–31; James A. Roumasset, “Sharecropping, Production Externalities, and the Theory of Contracts,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 61 (Nov. 1979):640–47; James Roumasset and William James, “Explaining Variations in Share Contracts: Land Quality, Population Pressure, and Technological Change,” Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics 23 (Aug. 1979):116–27. In a recent piece, David Lehmann takes a much more pragmatic view of the role played by tenancy, believing that it “fulfills different functions in different contexts.” Specifically, he harks back to a theme about tenancy that prevailed in early agricultural economics literature—the idea that renting may be a rung in the agricultural ladder leading to ownership. Using fieldwork in Carchi, Ecuador, Lehmann analyzes a group of upwardly mobile peasants and concludes that the type of sharecropping prevalent there “may facilitate the transition to a system dominated by capitalized family farms, on account of its role in enabling [some] people to accumulate land and capital at a relatively early stage in their lives and in providing a mechanism for a gradual transfer of wealth from one generation to the next.” See David Lehmann, “Sharecropping and the Capitalist Transition in Agriculture: Some Evidence from the Highlands of Ecuador,” Journal of Development Economics (forthcoming).

7. Tom Carroll, “The Land Reform Issue in Latin America,” in Latin American Issues: Essays and Comments, edited by Albert O. Hirschman (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1961); Solon L. Barraclough and Arthur L. Domike, “Agrarian Structure in Seven Latin American Countries,” Land Economics 42, no. 4 (1966):391–424; Rodolfo Stavenhagen, Agrarian Problems and Peasant Movements in Latin America (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor, 1970); and Land Reform in Latin America: Issues and Cases, edited by Peter Dorner (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971), especially Peter Dorner and Don Kanel, “The Economic Case for Latin America: Employment, Income Distribution, and Productivity,” pp. 41–56.

8. International Labour Organisation (ILO), Towards Full Employment: A Programme for Colombia (Geneva: ILO, 1970); ILO, Employment, Incomes, and Equality: A Strategy for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya (Geneva: ILO, 1972). See also William C. Thiesenhusen, “Population Growth and Agricultural Employment in Latin America, with Some U.S. Comparisons,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 51, no. 4 (1969):735–52; and William C. Thiesenhusen, “Latin America's Employment Problem,” Science, no. 171 (5 Mar. 1971):868–74.

9. Bruce F. Johnston, Agriculture and Economic Growth: The Relevance of the Japanese Experience, Food Research Institute Studies, no. 3 (Palo Alto: Stanford University, 1966).

10. Wyn Owen, “The Double Developmental Squeeze on Agriculture,” American Economic Review 56 (1966):43–70.

11. Bruce F. Johnston and Peter Kilby, Agriculture and Structural Transformation: Economic Strategies in Late-Developing Countries (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975).

12. Irma Adelman, “Growth, Income Distribution, and Equity Orientated Development Strategies,” World Development 3, nos. 2–3 (Feb.–Mar. 1975):67–76; Johnston, Agriculture and Economic Growth; John W. Mellor, The New Economics of Growth (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1966).

13. T. W. Schultz, “Investment in Human Capital,” American Economic Review 51 (Jan. 1961):1–17.

14. John W. Mellor, The Economics of Agricultural Development (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1966).

15. For some recent additions to her ideas on agricultural development, see Irma Adelman, “Beyond Export-Led Growth,” World Development 12, no. 9 (Sept. 1984):937–49, and comments on her article in the same journal by H. W Singer and Tibor Scitovsky.

16. James Grant, “A Fresh Approach to Meeting Basic Needs of the World's Poorest Billion,” paper presented at the American Political Science Association meeting, Chicago, 1976; Paul Streeten and Sahid Javed Burki, “Basic Needs: An Issues Paper,” World Bank mimeo, 1977. Some recent additions to Streeten's ideas on basic needs may be found in Paul Streeten, “Basic Needs: Some Unsettled Questions,” World Development 12, no. 9 (Sept. 1984):973–78.

17. Albert Waterston, “A Viable Model for Rural Development,” Finance and Development 11, no. 4 (Dec. 1974):22–25.

18. Hollis Chenery, Montek Ahluwalia, C. L. G. Bell, John Duly, and Richard Jolly, Redistribution with Growth (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974).

19. R. Albert Berry and William R. Cline, Agrarian Structure and Productivity in Developing Countries (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979).

20. Keith Griffin, The Political Economy of Agrarian Change: An Essay on the Green Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974).

21. Mahbub ul Haq, Poverty Curtain: Choices for the Third World (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976).

22. Judith Tendler, Rural Projects through Urban Eyes, Staff Working Paper no. 532 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1982); see also Judith Tendler, Turning Private Voluntary Organizations into Development Agencies: Questions for Evaluation, AID Discussion Paper no. 12 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1982).

23. Albert O. Hirschman, Journeys toward Progress: Studies of Economic Policy-Making in Latin America (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1963).

24. Alain de Janvry, The Agrarian Question and Reformism in Latin America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981).

25. William C. Thiesenhusen, “Development under Private Auspices: The FMDR in Mexico, an Economic Case,” in “Business of Development: Betting on Winners in Rural Mexico,” by Martin Diskin, Steven Sanderson, and William C. Thiesenhusen, typescript (Madison, July 1985).

26. William C. Thiesenhusen, “Incomes on Some Agrarian Reform Asientamientos in Panama,” Economic Development and Cultural Change (forthcoming).

27. Eduardo Venezian and William K. Gamble, The Agricultural Development of Mexico (New York: Praeger, 1969); and Yates, Mexico's Agricultural Dilemma.

28. Inter-American Development Bank, 1984 Report, 192–98.

29. Luis López Cordóvez, “Trends and Recent Changes in the Latin American Food and Agriculture Situation,” CEPAL Review 16 (Apr. 1982):14.

30. Gershon Feder, “Adoption of Agricultural Innovations in Developing Countries: A Survey,” Economic Development and Cultural Change 33, no. 2 (Jan. 1985):255–98.

31. Theodore W Schultz, Transforming Traditional Agriculture (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1964).

32. Willard W. Cochrane, Farm Prices: Myth and Reality (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1958).

33. Owen, “Double Developmental Squeeze.”

34. William S. Saint and Walter Coward, “Agricultural and Behavioral Science: Emerging Observations,” Science, no. 197 (19 Aug. 1977):733–37; see Technology and Social Change in Rural Areas, edited by Gene F. Summers (a festschrift for Eugene A. Wilkening) (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1983).

35. William H. Nicholls, “The Place of Agriculture in Economic Development,” in Agriculture in Economic Development, edited by Carl K. Eicher and Lawrence W Witt (New York: McGraw Hill, 1964); Bruce F. Johnston and John W Mellor, “The Role of Agriculture in Economic Development,” American Economic Review 51 (Sept. 1961):566–94.

36. Sir John Hicks, The Theory of Wages (London: Macmillan, 1932).

37. This material is reviewed in an essay by Philip L. Martin and Alan L. Olmstead, “The Agricultural Mechanization Controversy,” Science, no. 227 (8 Feb. 1985):601–11; see also Radical Agriculture, edited by Richard Merrill (New York: Harper and Row, 1976).

38. An egregious printing error occurred in Piñeiro and Trigo's Technical Change on p. 38, in which “excluding Argentina” became “including Argentina.” The error does not appear in the original article from which this chapter was taken, “Technical Change in Latin American Agriculture: A Conceptual Framework for its Interpretation,” Food Policy 4, no. 3 (Aug. 1979):170.

39. Piñeiro and Trigo use Hayami and Ruttan's 1971 edition. In their 1985 edition, Hayami and Ruttan have revised their figures somewhat so that the 1960 figure for labor productivity (the ratio of the value of output to the value of labor) in Chile becomes 11.4 (1985 ed., p. 120) instead of 12.9 (1971 ed., p. 70). This difference is slight, but the figure for land productivity in Paraguay drops from 0.94 in the 1971 edition to 0.08 in the 1985 edition, or from the highest productivity among the Latin American countries to the lowest. The correct range of land productivities utilizing the 1985 figures from Hayami and Ruttan therefore falls between 0.08 for Paraguay to 0.79 for Colombia, or a ratio of productivities in Latin American countries of one to ten. The point that Piñeiro and Trigo make holds through these data changes, however.

40. Ester Boserup, The Conditions of Agricultural Growth (Chicago: Aldine, 1965).