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Quincentennial Publishing: An Ocean of Print

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2022

David Block
David Block*
Affiliation:
Cornell University
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These contrasting pronouncements on Christopher Columbus's transatlantic navigation in 1492 crystalize the extreme division of opinion that characterized the recent quincentennial. The five-hundredth anniversary of Columbus's first voyage inspired among other things a world's fair, several replicas of the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa María, two feature films, and an opera. Commemoration of the event also inspired, in time-honored tradition, the publication of thousands of works dedicated to this major event. Thus although publishing technology is speeding along toward electronic rather than printed images, the fifth centennial of Columbus's voyage has been marked most significantly by the rolling of the presses.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 29 , Issue 3 , 1994 , pp. 101 - 128
Copyright
Copyright © 1994 by the University of Texas Press

References

Notes

1. Pamphlet issued by the National Endowment for the Humanities, The Columbian Quincentenary, 1492-1992 (Washington, D.C.: NEH, n.d.).

2. Because of nuances in the way the RLIN filing algorithms search a bibliographic record, clusters are not totally synonymous with discrete works. Moreover, because the database preserves the records created at each member institution, the same bibliographic items sometimes appear as separate clusters due to local cataloging procedures or individual interpretations of bibliographic information.

3. Michael Kilian, “New World of Hype,” Chicago Tribune, 12 Aug. 1990, sec. 5, p. 9.

4. See María Luisa Laviana Cuetos, José Martí: la libertad de Cuba, Biblioteca Iberoamericana no. 47 (Madrid: Anaya, 1988); and Omar Pedraza, Colombia, 2 vols., Biblioteca Iberoamericana nos. 3 and 5 (Madrid: Anaya, 1988).

5. For a useful report on this series, see Graziella Galliano, “La vecchia e la nuova raccolta colombiana,” La Casana 31, no. 3 (1989):32-36.

6. Christine Ferrand, “Les Editeurs sur les pas de Christophe Colomb,” Livres Hebdo, 17 May 1991, pp. 57-60.

7. The trials and tribulations of the commission are recorded in official congressional documents. See especially those of the House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, Subcommittee on Census and Population, Oversight Hearing to Review the Activities of the Columbus Quincentenary Commission (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991).

8. John Hébert and Barbara Loste, “‘An Ongoing Voyage’ Reaches Its Chief Goal: Quincentenary Program Exhibit to Open in August,” Library of Congress Information Bulletin 51, no. 15 (27 July 1992):327.

9. Seeds of Change: A Quincentennial Commemoration, edited by Herman J. Viola and Carolyn Margolis (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991). For further description of Smithsonian programs, see the pamphlet published by the Smithsonian's Office of Quincentenary Programs, Quincentenary, 1492-1992.

10. See 500 Years, 500 Programs: Report (Madrid: Commission Quincentennial, 1988). Also, A Report by the Christopher Columbus Quincentenary Jubilee Commission (Washington, D.C.: Christopher Columbus Quincentenary Jubilee Commission, 1987).

11. See Francisco Morales Padrón, Historia del descubrimiento y conquista de América, 5th ed. (Madrid: Gredos, 1990); and José María Ascensio, Cristóbal Colón: su vida, sus viajes, sus descubrimientos, 2 vols. (Mexico City: Editorial del Valle de Mexico, 1991). See also Alice Bache Gould, Nueva lista documentada de los tripulantes de Colón en 1492 (Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia, 1984). Other new editions of note include Salvador de Madariaga, Vida del muy magnífico señor don Cristóbal Colón, 5th ed. (Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 1992); Pascual de Andagoya, Relación y documentos, edited by Adrián Blázquez (Madrid: Historia 16, 1986); and Carlos Pereyra, Las huellas de los conquistadores (Mexico City: Porrúa, 1986).

12. See Mascarenhas Barreto, The Portuguese Columbus, Secret Agent of King John II, translated by Reginald A. Brown (New York: St. Martin's, 1992); Alejo Carpentier, The Harp and the Shadow, A Novel, translated by Thomas Christensen and Carol Christensen (San Francisco: Mercury House, 1990); and Lorenzo Camusso, Travel Guide to Europe, 1492: Ten Itineraries in the Old World (New York: Henry Holt, 1992).

13. For examples, see Bartolomé Bennasar, 1492: Un Monde nouveau? (Paris: Perrin, 1991); Jacques Attali, 1492 (Paris: Fayard, 1991); and Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Columbus (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).

14. Examples include Colón y Fernández de Navarrette (1986); Colón y el oro (1985); Colón, marinero (1987); and Colón e el viaje tercero (1986). All these works were published in Madrid by Pando.

15. On the nationality question, see Bartomeu Costa-Amic, Colom catalán de Mallorca, sobrino de los Reyes Católicos, 3d ed. (Mexico City: Costa-Amic, 1989); Gabriel Verd Martorell, Cristóbal Colón era noble y de sangre real: una realidad nacido en Mallorca (Palma de Mallorca: Verd Martorell, 1989); Nito Verdera, La verdad de un nacimiento: Colón ibiceno (Madrid: Kaydeda, 1988); and Mascarenhas Barreto, O Português Cristovão Colombo, Agente Secreto do Rei Dom João II (Lisbon: Referendo Amadora, Distribuadora de Livros Bertrand, 1988). On Jewish origins, see Jane Frances Amler, Christopher Columbus's Jewish Roots (Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 1991). On the voyage, see Michael Anthony, The Golden Quest: The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus (London: Macmillan, 1992); and Mauricio Obregón, Colón en el mar de los Caribes (Bogotá: Ediciones Uniades, Tercer Mundo Editores, 1990). On the landfall, see Alejandro Raymundo Pérez, The Columbus Landfall in America and the Hidden Clues in His Journal (Washington, D.C.: Abbe, 1987); and Adam Szaszdi Nagy, La primera tierra americana descubierta (Valladolid, Spain: Casa-Museo de Colón, 1988). On Colombus's love life, see Alexandre Cioranesai, Una amiga de Cristóbal Colón, doña Beatriz de Bobadilla (Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Caja de Ahorros de Canarias, 1989); and María de Freitas Treen, The Admiral and His Lady: Columbus and Filipa of Portugal (New York: R. Speller, 1989).

16. See Gianni Granzotto, Christopher Columbus (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1985); Paolo Emilio Taviani, Columbus, the Great Adventure: His Life, His Times, and His Voyages (New York: Orion, 1991); and Antonello Gerbi, Nature in the New World from Christopher Columbus to Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo (Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985).

17. See Alain Mantienne, Le Grand Admiral (Rennes: Ouest-France, 1991); Fernández-Armesto, Columbus; and William D. Phillips and Carla Rahn Phillips, The Worlds of Christopher Columbus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).

18. See Alain Milhou, Colón y su mentalidad mesiánica en el ambiente franciscanista español (Valladolid, Spain: Casa-Museo Colón, 1983); Juan Gil, Mitos y utopías del descubrimiento (Madrid: Alianza, 1989); and Valerie I. J. Flint, The Imaginative Landscape of Christopher Columbus (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992).

19. On the environment, see the engaging work by Antonello Gerbi, Nature in the New World; and Kirkpatrick Sale's muckraking work, The Conquest of Paradise (New York: Knopf, 1990).

20. Gary Wills, “Man of the Year,” New York Review, 21 Nov. 1991, pp. 12-18.

21. For recent commentaries on Columbus historiography, see Enrique de Gandía, El descubrimiento de América en los viejos y nuevos historiadores de Colón (Buenos Aires: Academia Nacional de Geografía, 1989); Ilaria Caraci Luzzana, Colombo vero e falso: la construzione delle historie fer dandine (Genova: Sage, 1989); and Juan Antonio Ortega y Medina, La idea colombina del descubrimiento desde México (1836-1986) (Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1987).

22. See Consuelo Varela, Colón y los florentinos (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1988); Juan Manzano Manzano, Los Pinzones y el descubrimiento de América, 3 vols. (Madrid: Institute de Cooperación Iberoamericano, 1988); and Antonio Ballesteros Beretta, El cantabro Juan de la Cosa y el descubrimiento de América (Santander, Spain: Diputación Regional de Cantabria, 1987).

23. Carlos Franco de Espés Mantecón, El negocio americano de un señor aragonés (Zaragoza, Spain: Comisión Aragonesa V Centenario, Diputación General de Aragón, 1990); Pere Catala i Roca, Els primers missioners d'América foren Catalans? (Barcelona: Dalmau, 1988); 200 Catalans a les Amériques, 1493-1987 (Barcelona: Comissió Catalana del Cinquè Centenari del Descobrimento d'Amèrica, 1988); and Primeras jornadas, presencia de España en América: aportación gallega (Madrid: Deimos, 1989).

24. For a French perspective, see Jean-François Baqué, La conquête des Amériques: XVe-XVIe siècles (Paris: Perrin, 1991). For a German viewpoint, see Wolfgang Neuber, Fremde Welt im Europischen Horizont: Zur Topik der Deutschen Amerika-Reiseberichte der Frühen Euzeit (Berlin: Erich Schmidt, 1991).

25. See Hernán Cortés y su tiempo: actas del Congreso Hernán Cortés y su Tiempo, V Centenario (1485-1985) (Mérida, Spain: Editora Regional de Extremadura, 1987); Guillermo Lohmann Villena, Francisco Pizarro, testimonio: documentos oficiales, cartas y escritos varios (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1986); Gerardo Larraín Valdés, Dios, sol y oro: Diego de Almagro y el descubrimiento de Chile (Santiago: Editorial Andrés Bello, 1987); and Jorge Sánchez Lillo, Diego de Almagro (Ciudad Real, Spain: Diputación de Ciudad Real, 1983).

26. Pedro Borges, ¿Quién era Bartolomé de las Casas? (Madrid: Rialp, 1990); and Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, Obras completas (Madrid: Alianza, 1988- ).

27. For opinions from Japan, see 500 años de mestizaje en los Andes, edited by Hiroyasu Tomoeda and Luis Millones (Osaka: Museo Nacional de Etnología, 1992); from the former Soviet Union, see “500 años del descubrimiento de América: encuentro de culturas y continentes,” América Latina 5 (1988). From Peru, see Ranulfo Cavero Carrasco, Ayacucho a 500 años de la conquista de América (Ayacucho, Peru: Comisión del V Centenario del Descubrimiento de América de la Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga, 1991). Santo Domingo kept a running calendar entitled Quinto Centenario as a monthly supplement to the nation's major newspaper, Listín Diario.

28. See Navigation (Seville: Sociedad Estatal para la Exposición Universal Sevilla and Centro Publicaciones, 1992); Fifteenth Century (Seville: Sociedad Estatal para la Exposición Universal Sevilla, 1992); Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration, edited by Jay A. Levenson (Washington, D.C., and New Haven, Conn.: National Gallery of Art and Yale University Press, 1991); and Die Neue Welt: Osterreich und die Erforschung Amerikas (Vienna: Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek, Edition C. Brandstätter, 1992).

29. Fidel Castro speaks in Nuestra América frente al V Centenario (Mexico City: J. Mortiz and Planeta, 1989); Rigoberta Menchú elaborates in 1492-1992, la interminable conquista, edited by Heinz Dieterich (Mexico City: J. Mortiz and Planeta, 1990); and Zea reflects on events and their significance in his Descubrimiento e identidad latinoamericana (Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1990). Comments by many literary luminaries can be found in 500 años después: ¿descubrimiento o genocidio?, edited by Carlos Aznárez and Néstor Norma (Madrid: Nuer, 1992). For a sampling of the other works that mull over the quincentenary, see Actas del Primer Encuentro Internacional Colombino, edited by Consuelo Varela (Madrid: Turner, 1990); J. M. Blaut, 1492: The Debate on Colonialism, Eurocentrism, and History (Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1992); and L'America Latina alle soglie del V centenario delta conquista (Rome: Edizioni Associate, 1988).

30. Foster Provost, Columbus: An Annotated Guide to the Scholarship on His Life and Writings, 1750-1988 (Detroit, Mich.: Published for the John Carter Brown Library by Omnigraphics, 1991), p. xxv.

31. For a representative sample of recent publications of the log, see Libro de la primera navegación, facsimile of the manuscript autographed by Bartolomé de las Casas (Madrid: Testimonio Compañía, 1984); Das Bordbuch 1492 (Stuttgart, Germany: Edition Erdmann in K. Thunemanns Verl., 1983); Giomale di bordo del primo viaggio, 1492-1493 (Verona, Italy: Cassa de Risparmio de Verona, Vicenza e Belluno, 1984); and The Diario of Christopher Columbus's First Voyage to America, 1492-1493, transcribed and translated by Oliver Dunn and James E. Kelley (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989).

32. See the multivolume Plietos colombinos, edited by Antonio Muro Orejón (Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispanoamericanos, 1964- ).

33. Cristóbal Colón: textos y documentos completos, edited by Consuelo Varela, 3d ed. (Madrid: Alianza, 1986); and Christopher Columbus Collection of the Library of Congress, edited by Everette E. Larson (Bethesda, Md.: University Publications of America, 1991).

34. For examples, see Cartas de particulares a Colón y relaciones coetáneas, edited by Juan Gil and Consuelo Varela (Madrid: Alianza, 1984); Tomás López Medel, Colonización de América: informes y testimonios, 1549-1572 (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1990); and Cartas privadas de emigrantes a Indias, 1540-1616, edited by Enrique Otte (Cadiz: n.p., 1988).

35. See Las capitulaciones de Indias en el siglo xvi, edited by Milagros del Vas Mingo (Madrid: Cultura Hispánica, 1986); and Cuestionarios para la formación de las relaciones geográficas de Indias, siglos xvi-xix, edited by Francisco de Solano (Madrid: n.p., 1988).

36. My translation of Dr. Hanke's remarks in “Cómo deben conmemorarse los quinientos años del descubrimiento de América,' Historia Mexicana 37, no. 1 (1987):101-13, 107.

37. The Hispanic Experience in North America: Sources for Study in the United States, edited by Lawrence A. Clayton (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1992); and Schwaller, “The History of a Quincentennial Project: Latin American Documents in the United States,” paper presented to the Forty-Seventh International Congress of Americanists, 7-11 July 1991, New Orleans, Louisiana.

38. See, for instance, J. L. Bercerril, “Computerization of the Archivo General de Indias.‘” Paper presented at the conference “Archives and Records for the Hispanic Experience in the United States, 1492-1850,” Washington, D.C., 22-25 Sept. 1987; and a more recent consultants’ report by Hans Rütimann and M. Stuart Lynn, Computerization Project of the Archivo General de Indias, Seville, Spain (Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access, 1992).

39. See, for example, Literatura hispánica, reyes católicos y descubrimiento, edited by Manuel Criado de Val (Barcelona, Spain: PPU, 1989); and Beatriz Pastor, Discursos narrativos de la conquista: mitificación y emergencia (Hanover, N.H.: Ediciones del Norte, 1988). See also two special issues of Hispanic Issues: “Re/Discovering Colonial Writing,” vol. 4 (1989), and “Amerindian Images and the Legacy of Columbus,” vol. 9 (1992). These special issues feature introductions by René Jara and Nicolás Spadaccini.

40. See David P. Henige, In Search of Columbus: The Sources of the First Voyage (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1991); and Noé Jitrik, Los dos ejes de la cruz (N.p.: Centro de Ciencias de Lenguaje, ICUAP, Editorial Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 1983).

41. See José Delmonte Pequero, Himno del Quinto Centenario (Santo Domingo: Comisión Dominicana para la Celebración del Quinto Centenario, 1990); Leonardo Balada, Cristóbal Colon: opera en dos actos, 2 vols. (Pittsburgh Pa.: Betaca Music, 1989); Philip Hagemann, Christopher's Round (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991); and The Year 1492, Waverly Consort Program Guide 7, no. 3 (1992).

42. See Anne Paolucci, Cipango! (Whitestone, N.Y.: Griffon House, 1985); Don Nigro, Mariner (New York: S. French, 1991); and Mario Moretti, Colombo a teatro (Rome: Lucarini, 1991).

43. Barbara Helfgott Hyett, The Double Reckoning of Christopher Columbus, 3 Aug.-12 Oct. 1492 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992); Luis López Anglada, Padre del mar (San Juan: Comisión Puertorriqueña para la Celebración del Quinto Centenario del Descubrimiento de América y Puerto Rico, 1988); Foster Provost, Columbus, Dream and Act: A Tragic Suite (Providence, R.I.: John Carter Brown Library, 1986); Mollee Kruger, Admiral of the Mosquitoes (Rockville, Md.: Maryben, 1990); and J. L. Schneider, Fuck You, Columbus (Providence, R.I.: 12th Street Press, 1992).

44. Carlos Fuentes, Cristóbal nonato (Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1987); also Christopher Unborn, translated by Alfred MacAdam and Fuentes (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1989).

45. Aridjis has thus far given us 1492: vida y tiempos de Juan Cabezón de Castilla (Mexico City: Siglo Veintiuno, 1985) and Memorias del nuevo mundo (Mexico City: Diana, 1988). See also Stephen Marlowe, The Memoirs of Christopher Columbus (New York: Scribner's, 1987); and Newton Frohlich, 1492 (New York: St. Martin's, 1990). For Frohlich's opinions on a Jewish Columbus, see “Was the Discoverer of America Jewish?,” Moment 16, no. 6 (Dec. 1991):35-43.

46. See Bernard Vincent, 2492: L'Année admirable (Paris: Aubier, 1991); Franco Cardini, Europa 1992 (New York: Facts on File, 1989); and L'Etat du monde en 1492, edited by Guy Martinière and Consuelo Varela (Paris and Madrid: La Découverte and Sociedad Estatal para la Ejecución de Programas del Quinto Centenario, 1992).

47. See Miguel-Angel Ladero Quesada, España colombina (Barcelona: Lunwerg, 1990); Mario Hernández Sánchez-Barba, La corona y el descubrimiento de América (Valencia: Asociación Francisco López, 1989); and Luis Navarro García, Sevilla entre dos mundos (Seville: Algaida, 1992).

48. See Franco Cardini, Universidades de Europa en 1492 (Barcelona: Anaya, 1992); Rolando A. Laguarda Trías, La ciencia española en el descubrimiento de América (Valladolid: Casa-Museo de Colón and Seminario Americanista de la Universidad de Valladolid, 1990).

49. José Luis Cornellas, El cielo de Colón: técnicas navales y astronómicas en el viaje del descubrimiento (Madrid: Tabapress, 1992).

50. George E. Nunn, The Geographical Conceptions of Columbus: A Critical Consideration of Four Problems (Milwaukee: American Geographical Society Collection of the Golda Meir Library, University of Wisconsin, and New York American Geographical Society, 1992); and José Ruiz de Esparza, El alcance de un sueño (Mexico City: Salvat, 1991).

51. Portugal-Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries, edited by Max Justo Guedes and Gerald Lombardi (Lisbon, Milan, and New York: Bertrand, F. M. Ricci, and Brazilian Cultural Foundation, 1990); and Portugal e os Descobrimentos (Lisbon: Comissariado de Portugal para a Exposição Universal de Sevilha, 1992).

52. Robert Royal, 1492 and All That: Political Manipulations of History (Washington, D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1992), 11.

53. Los franciscanos y el nuevo mundo (Seville: Ediciones Guadalquivir, 1992); Miguel Angel Medina, Los dominicos en América (Madrid: Mapfre, 1992); and Pedro Borges, Misión y civilización en América (Madrid: Alhambra, 1987).

54. The Church in Latin America, 1492-1992, edited by Enrique Dussel (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 1992).

55. See Quinientos años sembrando el evangelio (Antigua, Guatemala: Publicaciones O.M., 1992); and Es hora de una nueva evangelización (San José: Conferencia Episcopal de Costa Rica, 1991). For examples of liberation theology reflected in quincentennial literature, see José Oscar Beozzo, Evangelização e Vo Centenário (Petrópolis: Vozes, 1991); 1492-1992: The Voice of the Victims, edited by Leonardo Boff and Virgil Elizondo (London: and Philadelphia: SCM Press and Trinity Press International, 1990); and Poverty and Power: Latin America after 500 Years, edited by George Gelber (London: CAFOD, 1992).

56. Dangerous Memories: Invasion and Resistance since 1492 (Chicago, Ill.: Chicago Religious Task Force on Central America, 1992).

57. See La ética en la conquista de América (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1984); and Luciano Pereña Vicente, Carta Magna de los indios (Madrid: Universidad Pontifica de Salamanca, 1987).

58. Manuel Lucena Salmoral, America 1492: retrato de un continente hace quinientos años (New York: Facts on File, 1990); and America in 1492: The World of the Indian Peoples before the Arrival of Columbus, edited by Alvin M. Josephy, Jr. (New York: Knopf, 1992).

59. William F. Keegan, The People Who Discovered Columbus: The Prehistory of the Bahamas (Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1992); Wild Majesty: Encounters with Caribs from Columbus to the Present Day, edited by Peter Hulme and Neil L. Whitehead (Oxford: Clarendon, 1992); and Visita de los Valles de Songo en los yunka de coca de La Paz (1558-1570), edited by John V. Murra, Monografías Economía Quinto Centenario (Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, 1991).

60. Angel Fernández Nogales, Política comercial de las empresas españolas en Iberoamérica (Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica del Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana, 1987); Transatlantic Encounters: Europeans and Andeans in the Sixteenth Century (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991); Gastón Baquero, Indios, blancos y negros en el caldero de América (Madrid: Cultura Hispánica, 1991); Jaime Barrios Pena, Arte mestizo en América Latina (Buenos Aires: Fénix, 1989); and Valerie Fraser, The Architecture of Conquest (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

61. Julia García París, Intercambio y difusión de plantas de consumo entre el nuevo y el viejo mundo (Madrid: Servicio de Extensión Agraria, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, 1991); and Emma Martinell Gifre, Aspectos lingüísticos del descubrimiento y de la conquista (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1988).

62. For examples of “the other agenda,” see Ramiro Reynaga Burgoa, Tawa-inti-suyo: cinco siglos de guerra kheswaymara contra España (Lima: Consejo Indio de Sud América, 1989); Luís Rivera Pagán, La esperanza de los vencidos: hacia una visión crítica del quinto centenario (Guaynabo, P.R.: Sondador, 1989); and Identidad étnica y movimientos indios: la cara india, la cruz del '92, edited by Jesús Contreras (Madrid: Revolución, 1988).

63. Examples of these descriptions are Adolfo Colombres, 1492-1992: a los 500 años del choque de dos mundos (Buenos Aires: Ediciones del Sol, 1989); Ramón Reig, La irrupción: transformaciones sociales y económicas del mundo indígena prehispánico a la época colonial (Seville: Alfar, 1987); David E. Stannard, American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); and A Faithful Response to the 500th Anniversary of the Arrival of Christopher Columbus (New York: National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA, 1990).

64. See Simonetta Conti, Un sécolo di bibliografía colombiana, 1880-1985 (Genova: Cassa di Risparmio de Genova e Imperia, 1986); Bibliografía colombina, compiled by Joseph P. Sánchez, Jerry L. Gurulé, and William H. Broughton (Albuquerque, N.M.: National Park Service, 1990); Foster Provost, Columbus: An Annotated Guide to the Study of His Life and Writings, 1750-1988; Denis Channing Landis, The Literature of the Encounter: A Selection of Books from European Americana (Providence, R.I.: John Carter Brown Library, 1991); José Luis Barceló F. de la Mora, Summa colombina: diccionario enciclopédico de Colón (Madrid: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario and Progensa, 1990); Foster Provost, Columbus Dictionary (Detroit, Mich.: Omnigraphics, 1991); and The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia, edited by Silvio A. Bedini (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992).

65. Thomas C. Tirado is the director of the Computerized Information Retrieval Service.

66. The Internet Protocol address is SEQ1.LOC.GOV. The directory address is /pub/ library.of.congress / research.guides / prints.photographs / columbus.color.

67. One reliable source is the IP address REDSPREAD.CSS.ITD.UMICH.EDU under the directory /pub/nativenet/1492.

68. The Intellectual World of Christopher Columbus: 1989 Summer Institute, July 10 to August 11, 1989, Curriculum Packet, 2 vols. (N.p.: n.p., n.d.); A Guidebook to Resources for Teachers of the Columbian Encounter, edited by David Buisseret and Tina Reithmaier (Chicago, Ill.: Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the History of Cartography, Newberry Library, 1992); Louis De Vorsey, Keys to the Encounter … 1492, an Ongoing Voyage: Quincentenary Teacher's Packet (Washington, D.C.: Office of Educational Programs, Library of Congress, 1992); and Marvin Lunenfeld, 1492 Discovery, Invasion, Encounter: Sources and Interpretation (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1991).

69. Hans Koning, Columbus, His Enterprise: Exploding the Myth (New York: Monthly Review, 1991); and Robert Royal, 1492 and All That. For the source of Koning's quote and a description of the use of his work in New York City schools, see Sam Dillon, “Schools Growing Harsher in Scrutiny of Columbus,” New York Times, 12 Oct. 1992, pp. A1, B7.

70. See Kenneth Nebenzahl, Atlas of Columbus and the Great Discoveries (Chicago, Ill.: Rand McNally, 1990); America: Early Maps of the New World, edited by Hans Wolff (Munich: Prestel, 1993); Precedentes cartográficos del descubrimiento de América (Mexico City: Organización de los Estados Americanos and Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, 1989); and Armando Cortesão, Portugaliae Monumenta Cartographica, 2d ed., 6 vols. (Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional and Casa da Moeda, 1987).