1. T. S. Rao, “El crédito rural en México,” Investigaciones Económicas, XXII, No. 88 (1962), 1061-1064.

3. Knut Dahl Jacobsen, Teknisk bjelp og Politisk Struktur (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1964), and an article by the same author, “Informasjonstillgang og likebehandling i offentlig virksomhet,” Tidsskrift for Samfunnsforskning.

3. See Ottar Broz, “Recruitment and Organizational Stability in Industrially Underdeveloped Areas,” Acta Sociologies, XII, 1 (1969).

1. The basis of this commentary has been, primarily, the essay by Markos Mamalakis entitled “The Theory of Sectoral Clashes,” Center Discussion Paper No. 19, of the Latin American

Center of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, dated April 18, 1969 which is published in the present issue of LARR.

2. See Karl Deutsch, Nationalism and Social Communication (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press paperback, 1966); Rupert Emerson, From Empire to Nation (Boston: Beacon Press paperback, 1962); and Dankwart Rustow, A World of Nations (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution paperback, 1967).

3. R. R. Palmer and Joel Colton, A History of the Modern World (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1964), p. 63; Howard Wriggins, Ceylon, (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1960).

4. Robert Dahl, ed., Political Oppositions in Western Democracies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), Chapters 5-7, 10.

5. For an excellent discussion of cleavages and party alignments, see Seymour M. Lipset and Stein Rokkan, eds., Party Systems and Voter Alignments (New York: The Free Press, 1967), Chapter 1.

6. This is not the place to give a bibliography of cleavages and party systems. Nonetheless, the books edited by Dahl, op cit., and Lipset and Rokkan, op. cit., not only cover most of the party systems in Western Europe, North America, the “old” British Commonwealth countries and Japan, but also give more extensive bibliographical references for these and other areas. For political parties in Africa, see James Coleman and Carl Rosberg, Jr., eds., Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964), which also includes a longer bibliography on the subject. On a broader comparative perspective, see Gabriel Almond and James Coleman, eds., The Politics of Developing Areas (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1960). This book includes analyses dealing with Asia, Africa and Latin America. For some considerable attention to Asia and Africa, see also Emerson, op. cit. On parties in Latin America, again the list could be exceedingly long but we will merely suggest a few titles which bear on these propositions, most of which have useful bibliographies: John J. Johnson, Political Change in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press paperback, 1965); John D. Martz, Acción Democrática (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966); Robert Scott, Mexican Government in Transition (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964); Federico Gil, The Political System of Chile (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1966); Robert Dix, Colombia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967); Gino Germani, Política y sociedad en una época de transición (Buenos Aires: Paidós, 1962); John D. Martz, ed., The Dynamics of Change in Latin American Politics (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965), Chapters 18-27.

7. Markos Mamalakis and Clark Reynolds, Essays on the Chilean Economy (Homewood, Ill.: Richard D. Irwin, 1965); Arthur P. Whitaker, Argentina (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964); Thomás Fillol, Social Factors in Economic Development: The Argentine Case (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1961); Federico Brito Figueroa, Historia económica y social de Venezuela (Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1966), Vol. II; and Oficina Central de Coordinación y Planificación de Venezuela, Plan de la nación, 1963-1966 (Caracas: 1963), pp. 25, 34.

8. Johnson, op. cit.