Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-pfhbr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-10T11:23:08.920Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Reexamining the priorities of the National Standards for Foreign Language Education

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2008

Sally Sieloff Magnan*
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin–Madison, USAssmagnan@wisc.edu

Abstract

The National Standards for Foreign Language Education offer goals for student learning. During the past decade, they have been used increasingly as objectives for foreign language teaching. In the Standards document, the five Standards are presented in a hierarchical order: 1. Communication, 2. Cultures, 3. Connections, 4. Comparisons, and 5. Communities. Looking to Dell Hymes's portrayal of communicative competence and building on notions from sociocultural theory and the concept communities of practice, this paper questions this hierarchical ordering especially in terms of the primacy of Communication over Cultures and Communities. It is suggested that, of the five Cs, Communities should be considered the most fundamental.

Type
Plenary Speeches
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrate, J. (1998). Standards for teaching cultures: The National Standards and the AATF framework. In Alley, D. & Heusinkveld, P. (eds.), Communications, cultures, connections, comparisons, communities (Dimension '98). Atlanta, GA: Southern Conference on Language Teaching, 19–25.Google Scholar
ACTFL (American Council for the Teaching of Foreign Languages) (1983, revised 1985). ACTFL proficiency guidelines. Hastings-on-Hudson, NY: ACTFL Materials Center.Google Scholar
Agar, M. (1994). Language shock: Understanding the culture of conversation. New York: Quill.Google Scholar
Allen, L. Q. (2001). Standards-based foreign language learning and teachers' pedagogical beliefs. In Oukada, L. & Garfinkel, A. (eds.), Teamwork in foreign languages: Report of the Central States Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. Valdosta, GA: Lee Bradley, 33–45.Google Scholar
Bachman, L. (1990). Fundamental considerations in language testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Barton, D. & Tusting, K. (2005). Introduction. In Barton, & Tusting, (eds.), 1–13.Google Scholar
Barton, D. & Tusting, K. (eds.) (2005a). Beyond communities of practice: Language, power, and social context. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartz, W. & Singer, M. (1996). The programmatic implications for foreign language standards. In Lafayette, R. (ed.), National standards: A catalyst for reform. Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook, 139167.Google Scholar
Blaz, D. (2002). Bringing the standards for foreign language learning to life. Larchmont, NY: Eye on Education.Google Scholar
Block, D. (2003). The social turn in second language acquisition. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Byrnes, H. (2006). Articulating a foreign language sequence through content: A look at the Culture Standards. Presented at the University of Wisconsin–Madison Language Institute Lecture Series, October 2006.Google Scholar
Canale, M. & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics 1.1, 147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Celce-Murcia, M., Dörnyei, Z. & Thurrell, S. (1995). Communicative competence: A pedagogically motivated model with content specifications. Issues in Applied Linguistics 6.2, 535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheatham, R. M. (2004). Using learner and teacher preparation standards to reform a language major. In Cherry, C. & Bradley, L. (eds.), Assessment practices in foreign language education (Dimension 2004). Atlanta, GA: Southern Conference on Language Teaching, 10–17.Google Scholar
Collentine, J. & Freed, B. (2004). Learning context and its effects on second language acquisition: Introduction. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 26.2, 153171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crystal, D. (2001). Language and the internet. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darhower, M. (2006). Where's the community? Bilingual internet chat and the ‘fifth C’ of the National Standards. Hispania 89.1, 8498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diegmueller, K. (1995). With nod to history, foreign-language standards unveiled. Education Week 15.13 (29 November (1995)), 10. Accessed 21 January 2007 from EBSCOhost database.Google Scholar
Gee, J. (2005). Semiotic social spaces and affinity spaces. In Barton, & Tusting, (eds.), 214–232.Google Scholar
Gifford, C. & Mullaney, J. (1999). From rhetoric to reality: Applying the communication standards to the classroom. NECTFL Review 46, 1218.Google Scholar
Glisan, E. (1999). The impact of Standards on higher education: For more than just the sake of ‘continuity’. ADFL Bulletin 31.1, 7578.Google Scholar
Haas, M. & Reardon, M. (1997). Communities of learners: From New York to Chile. In Phillips, J. (ed.), Collaboration: Meeting new goals, new realities. Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook, 213241.Google Scholar
Hymes, D. (1971). On communicative competence. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Hymes, D. (1972). On communicative competence. In Pride, J. & Holmes, J. (eds.), Sociolinguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 269293.Google Scholar
Hymes, D. (1974). Foundations in sociolinguistics: An ethnographic approach. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Jernigan, C. & Moore, Z. (1997). Teaching culture: A study in the Portuguese classroom implications for the National Standards. Hispania 80.4, 829841.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klee, C. A. (1998). Communication as an organizing principle in the National Standards: Sociolinguistic aspects of Spanish language teaching. Hispania 81.2, 339351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramsch, C. (1993). Context and culture in language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kramsch, C. (2005). Post 9/11: Foreign languages between knowledge and power. Applied Linguistics 26.4, 545567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lafayette, R. (ed.) (1996). National Standards: A catalyst for reform. Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook.Google Scholar
Lally, C. G. (2000). Extracurricular standards: An application of the National Standards to a FLEX summer camp. Hispania 83.1, 120126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lantolf, J. (2006). Re(de)fining language proficiency in light of the concept of ‘languaculture’. In Byrnes, H. (ed.), Advanced language learning: The contributions of Halliday and Vygotsky. London: Continuum, 7291.Google Scholar
Lantolf, J. & Johnson, K. (2007). Extending Firth and Wagner's (1997) ontological perspective to L2 classroom praxis and teacher education. The Modern Language Journal 91 (Focus Issue), 877892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lave, J. & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewelling, V. & Rennie, J. (1998). National Standards: Preparing for the future. ERIC Review 6.1, 2426.Google Scholar
Littlemore, J. & Low, G. (2006). Metaphoric competence and communicative language ability. Applied Linguistics 27.2, 268294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, S. S. (2005). Implementing the National Standards in first-year Spanish. Hispania 88.1, 156159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magnan, S. & Back, M. (2007). Social interaction and linguistic gain during study abroad. Foreign Language Annals 40.1, 4361.Google Scholar
McAlpine, D. (2000). Is there a place for the National Foreign Language Standards in higher education? ADFL Bulletin 31.2, 7579.Google Scholar
Osborn, T. A. & Reagan, T. (1998). Why Johnny can't hablar, parler, or sprechen: Foreign language education and multicultural education. Multicultural Education 6.2, 29.Google Scholar
Overfield, D. (1997). From the margins to the mainstream: Foreign language education and community-based learning. Foreign Language Annals 30.4, 485491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Overfield, D. (2002). The foreign language learning community: Content and collaboration in the university. NECTFL Review 50, 3235.Google Scholar
Phillips, J. (1999). Standards for world languages – On a firm foundation. In Phillips, & Terry, (eds.), 1–14.Google Scholar
Phillips, J. & Terry, R. (eds.) (1999). Foreign language standards: Linking research, theories, and practices. Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook.Google Scholar
Phillips, K. K. (1998). Media for the message: Technology's role in the standards. Calico Journal 16.1, 2536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potowski, K. & Carreira, M. (2004). Teacher development and National Standards for Spanish as a heritage language. Foreign Language Annals 37.3, 427437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarroub, G. (2001). A collective case study of the implementation process of the Nebraska Foreign Language Frameworks by six teachers. Modern Language Journal 85.4, 499511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarroub, G. & Moeller, A. J. (1999). Bringing the standards into the classroom: A case study of one school district's implementation process. In Nerenz, A. (ed.), Standards for a new century (Central States Conference Report). Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook, 57–71.Google Scholar
Saville-Troike, M. (1998). Extending ‘communicative’ concepts in the second language curriculum: A sociolinguistic perspective. In Lange, D., Paige, M., Klee, C. & Yershova, Y. (eds.), Culture as core: Interdisciplinary perspectives on culture in the second language classroom (CARLA Working Paper Series 11). Minneapolis, IN: Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition, 318.Google Scholar
Schinke-Llano, L. (1995). Reenvisioning the second language classroom: A Vygotskian approach. In Eckman, F., Highland, D., Lee, P., Mileham, J. & Weber, R. (eds.), Second language acquisition: Theory and pedagogy. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2128.Google Scholar
Schmidt-Rinehart, B. & Knight, S. (2004). The homestay component of study abroad: Three perspectives. Foreign Language Annals 37.2, 254262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulz, R. (2006). Reevaluating communicative competence as a major goal in postsecondary language requirement courses. Modern Language Journal 90.2, 252255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Standards for Foreign Language Learning in the 21st Century (2006). Lawrence, KS: Allen Press.Google Scholar
Swaffar, J. (2006). Terminology and its discontents: Some caveats about communicative competence. Modern Language Journal 90.2, 246248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swaffar, J. & Arens, K. (2005). Remapping the foreign language curriculum: An approach through multiple literacies. New York: Modern Language Association.Google Scholar
Thorne, S. (2007). ‘Community’ as mediated contribution to activity. Presented at the University of Wisconsin–Madison Language Institute Lecture Series, February 2007.Google Scholar
Torii-Williams, E. (2004). Incorporating the use of e-mail into a language program. Computer Assisted Language Learning 17.1, 109122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tucker, H. (2000). The place of the personal: The changing face of foreign language literature in a Standards-based curriculum. ADFL Bulletin 31.2, 5358.Google Scholar
Ushakova, T. (1998). Inner speech and second language acquisition: an experimental-theoretical approach. In Lantolf, J. & Appel, G. (eds.), Vygotskian approaches to second language research. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 135156.Google Scholar
Valette, R. M. (1997). National Standards and the role of imagination in foreign language learning. Journal of the Imagination in Language Learning 4, 1825.Google Scholar
Van Eck, C. (1986). Objectives for foreign language learning. Scope 1. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.Google Scholar
Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Weldon, A. & Trautmann, G. (2003). Spanish and service-learning: Pedagogy and praxis. Hispania 86.3, 574585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, S. (1998). Study abroad from the participants' perspective: A challenge to common beliefs. Foreign Language Annals 31.1, 2339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, P. (1999). Who is using the National Foreign Language Standards? Foreign Language Annals 32.4, 435440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar