^{page 977 note 1} The reader is earnestly requested to turn to these diagrams and to note their striking divergencies.

(1) Myer, Isaac, Qabalah, Phil., 1888, p. 448.Google Scholar

(2) Hommel, , Babylonischer Ursprung der Aegyptischen Cultur, 1892, p. 8.Google Scholar

(3) Hommel, , Aufsätze und Abhandlungen, 1901, Th. iii, 347.Google Scholar

(4) Jensen, , Kosmologie der Babylonier, 1890, appendix.Google Scholar

(5) Maspero, , Dawn of Civilization, 1892, p. 543.Google Scholar

(6) Whitehouse, art. “Cosmogony,” Hastings' Dict, of the Bible.

(7) Radau, Hugo, The Creation-Story of Genesis, 1902, p. 56.Google Scholar

Professor Hommel's second is a marked improvement on his first. In connection with it he prints a generous reference to the present writer.

^{page 978 note 1} diagram, Jensen's, anglicised in terminology and much enlarged, may be seen in Worcester's Genesis in the Light of Modern Knowledge, opposite p. 109.Google Scholar

^{page 978 note 2} Himmels und Weltenbild der Babylonier als Grundlage der Weltanschauung und Mythologie aller Völker. Von DrWinckler, Hugo, Leipzig, , 1901, p. 34.Google Scholar

^{page 978 note 3} “Identisch ist also Süden und Unterwelt auch hier wie bei unserer kosmischen Ausrichtung der Erdachse” (p. 24).

^{page 978 note 4} Gifford Lectures, 1903, p. 374.Google Scholar See also Boscawen, , in the Oriental and Biblical Journal, Chicago, 1884, p. 118.Google Scholar For interesting parallels see Letherby, , Architecture, Mysticism, and Myth, London, 1892.Google Scholar The existence in Egypt of a type of pyramid with sloping stages, and the clear traces in India of a conception of the earth as spheroidal in figure despite a series of rising zones or retreating mountain-terraces upon its surface, suggest that the stages of the Babylonian earth should not be mentally pictured as necessarily implying their possession of the sharply angular outline presented by a staged temple, or by the figure in our diagram. It is quite possible that in Babylonian thought the quadrangularity of the earth was largely a conscious and deliberate emphasizing of the cardinal points of the heavens and earth, and that its pyramidal form in architecture was as conscious and deliberate a deviation from supposed reality as are with us the parallel meridians and flat zones of a Mercator's Chart of the world. Moreover, as the celestial spheres are of a substance so crystalline as to be absolutely invisible to men, so the rising stages of the earth are to be viewed as less and less grossly material, until at length all appearance of materiality vanishes, leaving the highest as invisible (save in the case of a divinely sent trance, Genesis xxviii, 12),Google Scholar as are the heavens in which they are lost.

^{page 979 note 1} Die Kosmologie der Babylonier, Strassburg, 1890, p. 175.Google Scholar

^{page 979 note 2} Sayce, , loc. cit.Google Scholar; also, Encyclopædia Biblica, ii, col. 1148; Puini, C., in Rivista Geograf. Ital., 1895, p. 12Google Scholar; Wallis, H. W., The Cosmology of the Rig-veda, London, 1887, p. 112Google Scholar; Pullé, F. L.Cartografia dell' India, 1901, p. 18.Google Scholar

^{page 979 note 3} “Was die obere Welt hat, hat auch die untere. Es giebt demnach sieben Himmel und sieben Höllen oder Höllenstufen” (op. cit., p. 34).

^{page 979 note 4} “Die Astronomie der alten Chaldäer,” in Ausland, 1891, p. 381.Google Scholar

^{page 980 note 1} Winckler, , p. 34Google Scholar; also Jeremias, , Das Alte Testament im Lichte des alten OrientsGoogle Scholar, Leipzig, , 1904, p. 10.Google Scholar

^{page 980 note 2} Winckler, , p. 36Google Scholar; Jensen, , p. 24Google Scholar; Jeremias, A., p. 27, “Der Sitz Anu's ist der nördlich vom Tierkreis gelegene Himmel mit dem Nordpol des Himmels als Mittelpunkt. Dort ist sein Thron.”Google Scholar

^{page 980 note 3} Dawn of Civilization, p. 544Google Scholar; cf. Hardy, Robert Spence, Legends and Theories of the Buddhists, London, 1866, pp. 85–89Google Scholar; Waddell, L. A., The Buddhism of Thibet, 1895, p. 78Google Scholar; Warren, W. F., The Cradle of the Human Race, Boston, 1885, pp. 191 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 980 note 4} Winckler, , p. 35.Google Scholar Hommel calls it “die uralte feste Anordnung” (Aufsätze und Abhandlungen, iii, 375–383).Google Scholar

^{page 980 note 5} See Winckler, , p. 34.Google Scholar“In immer grösserem Abstand von der Erde” is the language of Hommel in his Insel der Seligen, p. 38.Google Scholar

^{page 982 note 1} Op. cit., p. 10; also, his “Hölle und Paradies bei den Babylonier” (Der alte Orient, Jahrg. i, Heft 3, S. 14 ff.); also Jeremias, F., in Chantepie de la Saussaye's Lehrbuch der Religionsgesckichte, 2nd ed., 1905, Bd. i, S. 275Google Scholar; Tiele, , Histoire Comparée des Anciennea Religions, p. 177.Google Scholar

^{page 982 note 2} Winckler, , Altorientalische Forschungen, Leipzig, 1902, p. 201.Google Scholar

^{page 983 note 1} The ‘lunar mansions’ of astrology are all within the Zodiac.

^{page 983 note 2} The often misunderstood Gruppe, O. F., Die kosmische Systeme der Griechen, Berlin, 1851, p. 82.Google Scholar Correctly understood by Cicero, , Tusc. Disp., i, 28, 68.Google Scholar

^{page 983 note 3} Zimmern, H., Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, Aufl. iii, 1902, S. 349.Google Scholar