Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-9q27g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-21T12:07:46.989Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

On the Artificial Culture of Marine Plankton Organisms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 November 2009

E. J. Allen
Affiliation:
Director of Laboratories and Secretary to the Council of the Marine Biological Association
E. W. Nelson
Affiliation:
Assistant Naturalist.

Extract

The observations to be recorded in this Paper were commenced in March, 1905. They originated in an attempt to find a general method for rearing marine larval forms. Several investigators had previously succeeded in rearing Echinoderms, Molluscs, and Polychætes from artificially fertilized eggs under laboratory conditions, but the process was generally difficult and the results more or less uncertain. The most promising method seemed to be that adopted by Caswell Grave (26), who was able to rear his larvæ by feeding them on diatoms. Grave obtained his diatoms by placing sand, collected from the sea bottom, in aquaria and using such diatoms as developed from this material. All the methods, however, suffered from the uncertainty of not knowing what organisms were introduced into the aquaria in which the larvse were to be reared, either in the original sea-water or along with the food-supply.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 1910

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.Beijerinck, M. W.Das Assimilationsprodukt der Kolensäure in den Chromatophoren der Diatomeen. Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerland, I, 1904, p. 28.Google Scholar
2.Benecke, W.Über farblose Diatomeen der Kieler Föhrde. Pringsh. Jahrb., XXXV, 1900, p. 567.Google Scholar
3.Breazeale, J. F.Effect of Certain Solids upon the Growth of Seedlings in Water Cultures. Botanical Gazette, XLI, 1906, p. 54.Google Scholar
4.Drew, G. H.The Reproduction and early Development of Laminaria digitata and L. saccharina. Annals of Botany, XXIV, 1910, p. 177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Gill, C. Houghton.—See Van Heurck, H. 21 and 57.Google Scholar
6.Karsten, G.Die Formänderungen von Skeletonema costatwm, Grun., und ihre Abhangigheit von äusseren Faktoren. Wiss. Meeresunters. Kiel. N.F., III, 1898, p. 5.Google Scholar
7.Karsten, G.Ueber farblose Diatomeen. Flora, LXXXIX, 1901, p. 404.Google Scholar
8.Lockwood, S. M.Raising Diatoms in the Laboratory. Journ. New York Micr. Soc, 1886, p. 153.Google Scholar
9.Lockwood, S. M.Aberrant Forms in cultivated Diatoms. Amer. Monthly Micr. Journ., 1893, p. 259.Google Scholar
10.Lockwood, S. M.Forms anomales chez les Diatomées cultivées artificiellement. Le Diatomiste, II, 18931896, p. 9. Ann. de Micrographie, x, 1898, p. 1.Google Scholar
11.Miquel, P.De la Culture artificielle des Diatomées. Le Diatomiste, 1, 18901893, pp. 73, 93, 121, 149, 165. Le Micrographie Préperature, V, 1897, p. 69.Google Scholar
12.Miquel, P.Recherches expérimentales sur la physiologie, la morphologie, et la pathologie des Diatomées. Ann. de Micrographie, IV, 18911892, pp. 273, 321, 408, 529; V, 1893, pp. 437, 521; X, 1898, pp. 49, 177, 182. Le Micro. Préperature, XI, 1903, p. 174; XIL, 1904, p. 32.Google Scholar
13.Miquel, P.,—Du rétablissement de la taille et de la rectification de la forme chez les Diatomées. Le Diatomiste, II, 18931896, pp. 61, 88.Google Scholar
14.Miquel, P.Des Spores des Diatomées. Le Diatomiste, II, 18931896, p. 26.Google Scholar
15.Miquel, P.Du noyau chez les Diatomées. Le Diatomiste, II, 18931896, p. 105. Le Micro. Préperature, xn, 1904, p. 167; xm, 1905, p. 83.Google Scholar
16.Richter, O.Reinkulturen von Diatomeen. Ber. deut. bot. Gesell., XXI, 1903, p. 493.Google Scholar
17.Richter, O.Über Reinkulturen von Diatomeen mid die Notwendigkeit der Kieselsäure für Nitzschia palea (Kütz). W. Sm. Verh. d. Gesell. deut. Naturf. u. Äzzte. Breslau, II, 1904, p. 249.Google Scholar
18.Richter, O.Zur physiologie der Diatomeen. S. B. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, cxv, 1906, p. 935.Google Scholar
19.Richter, O.Ueber die Notwendigkeit des Natriums für eine farblose Meeresdiatomee. Wiesner-Festschrift. Wien, 1908, p. 167.Google Scholar
20.Senft, E.Ueber die Agar-Agar Diatomeen. Zeit. d. Allgem. öst. Apotheker-Vereines, 1902, n. 9, figs. 1–9.Google Scholar
21.Van Heurek, H.Notice biographique sur C. Houghton Gill. Le Diatomiste, II, 18931896, p. 125.Google Scholar
22.Van Heurck, H.Culture des Diatomées. Zeit. f. angew. Mikrosk., III, 1897, pp. 195 and 225.Google Scholar
23.Agassiz, A.Revision of the Echini. Cambridge, Mass., 18721874.Google Scholar
24.Cowles, R. P.Notes on the Reaving of the larvæ of Polygordhis. Johns Hopkins Univ. Circulars XXII, No. 161, 1903.Google Scholar
25.Doncaster, L.On rearing the later stages of Echinoid Larvæ. Cambridge Phil. Soc, XII, 1903, p. 48.Google Scholar
26.Grave, C.A Method of Rearing Marine Larvæ. Science, N.S. XV, 1902, p. 579.Google Scholar
27.Lillie, R. S.The Structure and Development of the Nephrldia of Arenicola. Mittheil. Zool. Sta. Neapel., XVII, 19041906, p. 341.Google Scholar
28.MacBride, E. W.The Rearing of Larvæ of Echinidoe. Reports, Brit. Assoc, Dover, 1899, p. 438.Google Scholar
29.MacBride, E. W.Notes on the Rearing of Echinoid Larvæ. Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc, N.S. VI, 19001903, p. 94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.MacBride, E. W.The Development of Echinus esculentus, together with some points in the Development of E. miliaris and E. aaitus. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc, B. CXCV, 1903, p. 285.Google Scholar
31.Theél, H.On the Development of Echinocyamits pusillus. Nova Acta R. Soc. Sci., Upsala, 1892.Google Scholar
32.Zeleny, C.The Rearing of Serpulid Larvæ, with Notes on the Behaviour of the Young Animals. Biol. Bull. Woods Holl., VIII, 1905, p. 308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Dittmar, W.On the Alkalinity of Ocean Water. Rept. Challenger Expdt., 1873–76, Chem. I, p. 124. London, 1884.Google Scholar
34.Fox, C. J. J.On the ço-efficients of Absorption of the Atmospheric gases in Distilled water and Sea-water. Part II, “Carbonic acid.” Publ. de Circonstance. Conseil internat. pour l'expl. de la mer. No. 44. 1909. Copenhagen.Google Scholar
35.van't Hoff, J. H.Zur Bildung der ozeanischen Salzablagerungen. Braunschweig, 1905.Google Scholar
36.Knudsen, M.Hydrography. Danish Ingolf-Expedtn., I, part 2, p. 21, 1899. Copenhagen.Google Scholar
37.Krogh, A.On the tension of Carbonic Acid in natural waters, and especially in the sea. Meddelelser om Grönland, XXVI, 1904, p. 333. Copenhagen.Google Scholar
38.Raben, E.Über quantitative Bestimmung von Stickstoffverbindungen in Meerwasser. Wissensch. Meeresunts. Kiel, viii, 1905, pp. 81, 279.Google Scholar
39.Raben, E.Quantitative Bestimmung der im Meerwasser gelösten Kiselsäure. Wissensch. Meeresunters. Kiel, VIII, 1905, p. 99, 256.Google Scholar
40.Ringer, W. E.Die Alkalinitaet des Meereswassers. Verb. uit. Rijksinstituut v.h. onderzoek d. nee, IV, 1909. Helder.Google Scholar
41.Ringer, W. E., and Klingen, F. I. M. P.Über die Bestimmung von Stickstoff verbindungenim Meereswasser. Verh. uit Rijkinstituut v.h. onderzoek d. zee., I, 19071908. Helder.Google Scholar
42.Salm, E.Studie über Indikatoren. Zeitsch. f. Phys. Chemie. LVII, 1906, p. 471.Google Scholar
43.Tornöe, H.—On the Carbonic acid in Sea-water. Norwegian North-Atlantic Expdt. (1876–8), Chem. II, p. 24. Christiania, 1880.Google Scholar
44.Baldwin, H. B., and Whipple, G. C.—Observed relations between Oxygen, Carbonic acid, and Algæ growths in Weequahie Lake, Newark, New Jersey. Papers and Repts. Amer. Public Health Assoc, XXXII, 1906.Google Scholar
45.Brandt, K.—Beiträge zur Kenntniss der chemischen Zusammensetzung des Planktons. Wissensch. Meeresunters. Kiel, III, 1898, p. 43.Google Scholar
46.Brandt, K.Ueber den Stoffwechsel im Meere. Wissensch. Meeresunters. Kiel, IV, 1899, p. 215; VI, 1902, p. 23.Google Scholar
47.Brandt, K.Ueber die Bedeutung der Stickstoffverbindungen für die produktion im Meere. Beihefte z. Bot. Centralblatt, XVI, 1904.Google Scholar
48.Brandt, K.—On the production and conditions of production in the sea. Kapports et Proces-Verbaux. Conseil internat. pour l'expl. de la mer. in. Appdix. D. Copenhagen, 1905.Google Scholar
49.Gran, H. H.—Diatomeen. Nordisches Plankton. Kiel u. Leipzig, 1908. Botanischer Teil, XIX.Google Scholar
50.Jörgensen, E.—The Protist plankton and diatoms in bottom samples. Hydrographical and Biological Investigations. Bergen, 1906.Google Scholar
51.Klebahn, H.Ein Überblick über die neuere Diatomeenlitteratur. Archiv. fur Protistenkunde, I, 1902, p. 421.Google Scholar
52.Lemmermann-Bremen, E.—Flagellatæ, Chlorophyceæ, Coccosphærales und Silicoflagellatæ. Nordisches Plankton, Kiel u. Leipzig, 1908. Botanischer Teil, XXI.Google Scholar
53.Oltmanns, F.Morphologie und Biologie der Algen (with bibliography). Two vols. Jena, 1905.Google Scholar
54.Ostenfeld, C. H.—On the immigration of Biddulphia sinensis, Grev., and its occurrence in the North Sea during 1903–7, etc. Meddelelser fra Komm. for Havundersögelser. Plankton Series I, No. 6, Copenhagen, 1908.Google Scholar
55.Pfeffer, W.The Physiology of Plants (English edition). Three vols. Oxford, 1900.Google Scholar
56.Smith, G. P. Darnell.—On the oxidation of Ammonia in Sea-water. Journ. Mar. Biol. Aśsoc, N.S. III, 18931895, p. 304.Google Scholar
57.Van Heurck, H.A Treatise on the Diatomaceic (translated by Baxter, W. E.). London, 1896.Google Scholar
58.Vernon, H. M.The relations between Marine Animal and Vegetable Life. Mittheil. Zool. Sta. Neapel., XIII, 18931899, p. 341.Google Scholar
59.Whipple, G. C.Some experiments on the Growth of Diatoms. Technology Quarterly, IX, 1896, p. 145. Boston.Google Scholar
60.Whipple, G. C.The Microscopy of Drinking Water (and bibliography). New York, 1908.Google Scholar
61.Whipple, G. C., and Jackson, D. D.Asterionella, its Biography, its Chemistry, and its effect on water supplies. Journ. N.E. Waterworks Assn., XIV, 1899, p. I.Google Scholar
62.Whipple, G. C., and ParkerH., N. H., N.On the amount of oxygen and carbonic acid dissolved in natural waters, and the effect of these gases upon the occurrence of microscopic organisms. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc., XIII. 19011902, p. 103.Google Scholar