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The Casas de Reservas in the Philippines

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 April 2011

Dennis Roth
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Extract

Much has been written about the labor system introduced by the Spaniards in Latin America where institutions such as the repartimiento (forced labor) were used to obtain laborers for the public works and the private haciendas and mines. Many of these features existed in the early Philippine colonial period, but were modified to accomodate the local situation and the differing patterns of conquest and colonization. As in Latin America, the Spaniards distributed encomiendas and land grants (mercedes) to the conquistadores, and a system of corvee labor was imposed on the Filipinos for public works (the so-called polos and servicios personales), but for the private haciendas in the Philippines a different method was used than had been the rule in the New World.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , Volume 5 , Issue 1 , March 1974 , pp. 115 - 124
Copyright
Copyright © The National University of Singapore 1974

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References

1 The documents cited in this article are found in the Archivo de la Provincia de Santísimo Rasario (APSR), the Archivo de la Universidad de Santo Tomas (AUST), the Philippine National Archives (PNA), the Ayer Collection of the Newberry Library (NLAC), the microfilm collection of the University of Saint Louis (USL), and the translation of Robertson, James and Blair, Emma (BR), The Philippine Islands, 1494–1898 (Cleveland: A. H. Clark, 1903–1909).Google Scholar

2 By the expression Filipino is meant the indigenous Malay inhabitants of the Philippines called Indios by the Spaniards.

3 Mörner, Magnus, “The Spanish American Hacienda: A Survey of Recent Research and Debate,” Hispanic American Historical Review; Vol. 53, No. 2 (1973), pp. 186–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

4 Ibid.

5 Ibid.

6 Lockhart, James, “Encomienda and Hacienda: The Evolution of the Great Estate in the Spanish Indies,” Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 49, No. 3 (1969), p. 425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

7 Phelan, John Leddy, The Hispanization of the Philippines (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1959), p. 10.Google Scholar

8 AUST, Sección de Libros, Tomo 13, folio 101. The translation of the entire memorial, together with another by Carvajal, has been accepted for publication by the Philippine National Historical Commission.

9 APSR, Sección de Haciendas, Tomo 12, folio 174.

10 USL, “Testimonio de gavelas que se cobravan a los Indios,” Sección de Jesuítica, Roll 816.

11 Personal communication from Bruce Fenner who has seen the records of the Augustinian haciendas in Cebu.

12 BR, Vol. 16, p. 163.

13 AUST, Sección de Libros, Tomo 19, folio 115.

14 AUST, Sección de Folletos, Tomo 74, folios 1–8. These first appear in the Dominican documents in 1680, though they may have been present before. These were the ideal norms, not the usual practice.

15 AUST, Sección de Libros, Tomo 38, folio 33.

16 AUST, Sección de Libros, Tomo 13, folio 102.

17 AUST, Sección de Libros, Tomo 24, folios 245–280.

18 PNA, Cedulario, folios 54–55.

19 APSR, Sección de Haciendas, Tomo 15.

20 AUST, Sección de Libros, Tomo 21, folio 93; APSR, Sección de Haciendas, Tomo 1, folio 31.

21 AUST, Sección de Libros, Tomo 55.

22 AUST, Sección de Libros, Tomo 21, folio 61–71.

23 AUST, Sección de Libros, Tomo 10, folio 258.

24 PNA, Cedulario 1740, folios 96–111.

25 PNA, Cedulario 1744–1752, Expediente 3.

26 AUST, Sección de Libros, Tomo 24, folios 245–280; PNA, Cedulario 1756, Expediente 1.

27 USL, Sección de Jesuítica, Roll 8.

28 APSR, Sección de Haciendas, Tomo 4.

29 AUST, Sección de Folletos, Tomo 74, folios 1–8

30 AUST, Sección de Libros, Tomo 55, folio 553.

31 AUST, Sección de Libros, Tomo 38, folio 33.

32 AUST, Sección de Libros, Tomo 10, folios 218–223.

33 APSR, Sección de Haciendas, Tomo 15. Biñan and Santa Rosa were also exempt from the military draft (quinta).

34 AUST, Sección de Libros, Tomo 13.

35 PNA, Cedulario 1725.

36 AUST, Sección de Folletos, Tomo 74, folios 1–8.

37 APSR, Sección de Haciendas, Tomo 15.

38 PNA, Erecciones del Pueblo de Bulacan.

39 AUST, Sección de Libros, Tomo 55.

40 AUST, Sección de Folletos, Tomo 74, folios 1–8.

41 PNA, Cedulario 1741–1747, Expediente 59.

42 AUST, Sección de Libros, Tomo 5.

43 PNA, Erecciones de Pueblo de Cavite, Tomo 1, Legajo 75.

44 PNA, Cedulario 1690–1715, Expediente 159. Filipinos were permitted to have slaves until 1692.

45 AUST, Sección de Libros, Tomo 13, folios 130–140

46 NLAC, Document 251, “Descriptión de la provincia de Ilocos.”

47 PNA, Cedulario 1726.

48 NLAC, document 75.