Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-swr86 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-19T07:02:42.414Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Open Policy Making in the UK – to Whom Might Policy Formulation be ‘Opening Up’?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2020

SONIA EXLEY*
Affiliation:
Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, email: s.exley@lse.ac.uk

Abstract

This article explores recent UK government aspirations towards ‘open policy making’ (OPM). Against a backdrop of scholarly literatures on power inequalities in policy making, I consider to whom processes of policy formulation under a banner of OPM are expected to be ‘opening up’. The article draws on an analysis of government documents from 2012–2018 plus some supplementary data from expert interviews. It notes aspirations towards ‘opening up’ policy formulation to new experts and a particular preoccupation with encouraging private sector involvement. Ideas which may boost ordinary citizens’ input are also part of what ‘makes up’ UK Government OPM, though citizen involvement appears restricted, sitting uneasily alongside commitments to austerity influencing how ‘openness’ is understood.

Type
Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ansell, C., Sørensen, E. and Torfing, J. (2017), Improving policy implementation through collaborative policymaking. Policy and Politics, 45(3), 467486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baggott, R. (2005), A funny thing happened on the way to the forum? Reforming Patient and Public Involvement in the NHS in England, Public Administration, 83(3), 533551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, J. and Lloyd, P. (2016), The introduction of design to policymaking: Policy Lab and the UK government. Design Research Society Conference, 27th–30th June.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ball, S.J. and Junemann, C. (2012), Networks, New Governance and Education, Bristol: Policy Press.Google Scholar
Barcoe, N. and White, H. (2013), The policy tests: transforming policy in the Department for Education, Civil Service Quarterly.Google Scholar
Barnes, M., Newman, J., Knops, A. and Sullivan, H. (2003), Constituting ‘the public’ in public participation. Public Administration, 81(2), 379399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, M., Newman, J. and Sullivan, H. (2007), Power, Participation and Political Renewal: Case Studies in Public Participation, Bristol: Policy Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, C. and Mahony, N. (2016), Marketing practices and the reconfiguration of public action. Policy and Politics, 44(3), 367–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baxendale, C. (2014), How to best attract, induct and retain talent recruited into the senior civil service,Google Scholar
Beresford, P. (2016), All Our Welfare? Towards Participatory Social Policy, Bristol: Policy Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besley, T. (2007), Principled Agents? The Political Economy of Good Government, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bevir, M. (2013), A Theory of Governance, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Blythe, M. (2013), Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bovaird, T., Van Ryzin, G.G., Loeffler, E. and Parrado, S. (2014), Activating citizens to participate in collective co-production of public services, Journal of Social Policy, 44(1), 123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burall, S., Hughes, T. and Stilgoe, J. (2013), Experts, Publics and Open policy-making: Opening the windows and doors of Whitehall. London: Sciencewise.Google Scholar
Cabinet Office (2011a), Open Government Partnership UK Action Plan 2011–13, London: TSO.Google Scholar
Cabinet Office (2011b), Open Public Services White Paper, London: TSO.Google Scholar
Civil Service (2012), The Civil Service Reform Plan, London: TSO.Google Scholar
Civil Service (2013a), Twelve Actions to Professionalise Policy Making, London: TSO.Google Scholar
Civil Service (2013b), The Civil Service Reform Plan: One Year On Report, London: TSO.Google Scholar
Civil Service (2013c), Meeting the Challenge of Change: A Capabilities Plan for the Civil Service, London: TSO.Google Scholar
Civil Service (2014), Civil Service Reform Plan Progress Report, London: TSO.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. and Newman, J. (1997), The Managerial State, London: Sage.Google Scholar
Clarke, J., Newman, J., Smith, N., Vidler, E. and Westmarland, L. (2007), Creating Citizen Consumers: Changing Publics and Changing Public Services, London: Sage.Google Scholar
Cools, P., Leggio, D.V., Matras, Y. and Oosterlynck, S. (2018), ‘Parity of participation’ and the politics of needs interpretation: Engagement with Roma migrants in Manchester. Journal of Social Policy, 47(2), 359376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornwall, A. (2008), New democratic spaces? The politics and dynamics of institutionalised participation. IDS Bulletin, 35(2), 110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crouch, C. (2011), The Strange Non-Death of Neoliberalism, Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Dacombe, R. (2017), Rethinking Civic Participation in Theory and Practice, London: Palgrave MacMillan.Google Scholar
DCMS (2018), Civil Society Strategy: building a future that works for everyone, London: TSO.Google Scholar
Dean, R.J. (2016), Democratising Bureaucracy. PhD Thesis. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.Google Scholar
Dean, R.J. (2017), Beyond radicalism and resignation: The competing logics for public participation in policy decisions. Policy and Politics 45(2), 213230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dean, R.J. (2019), Control or influence? Conflict or solidarity? Understanding diversity in preferences for public participation in social policy decision making, Social Policy and Administration, 53(1), 170187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Department for Education (2012), The Department for Education Review, London: TSO.Google Scholar
Diamond, P. (2020), Externalization and politicization in policy advisory systems: a case study of contestable policy making 2010–2015, Public Money and Management, 40(1), 4251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farnsworth, K. and Holden, C. (2006), The business social policy nexus: Corporate power and corporate inputs into social policy. Journal of Social Policy, 35(3), 473494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleming, J. and Rhodes, R. (2017), Can experience be evidence? Craft knowledge and evidence-based policing, Policy and Politics, 46(1), 326.Google Scholar
Fraser, N. (1997), Justice Interruptus: critical reflections on the ‘postsocialist’ condition, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fung, A. (2004), Empowered participation: Reinventing urban democracy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Grisolia, F. and Ferragina, E. (2015), Social innovation on the rise: yet another buzzword in a time of austerity? Salute e Societa, 1, 165175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallsworth, M., Parker, S. and Rutter, J. (2011), Policy Making in the Real World: Evidence and Analysis, London: Institute for Government.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, C. (2007), Why we Hate Politics, Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Hendricks, C.M. and Lees-Marshment, J. (2019), ‘Political leaders and public engagement: the hidden world of informal elite-citizen interaction’, Political Studies, 67(3), 597617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heywood, J. (2017), One Team Government – part of a brilliant Civil Service: https://civilservice.blog.gov.uk/2017/07/17/one-team-government-part-of-a-brilliant-civil-service/Google Scholar
Hill, M. and Varone, F. (2017), The Public Policy Process. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hilton, S. (2016), More Human: Designing a World Where People Come First, WH Allen.Google Scholar
House of Commons Public Administration Select Committee (2013), Public Engagement in Policy-Making, London: TSO.Google Scholar
Howlett, M. (2014), From the ‘old’ to the ‘new’ policy design. Policy Sciences, 47(3), 187207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irwin, A. (2006), The politics of talk: Coming to terms with the ‘new’ scientific governance. Social Studies of Science, 36, 299320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kidson, M. (2013), Organising Policy Making: A Discussion Paper on Emerging Trends, London: Institute for Government.Google Scholar
Kimbell, L. (2015), Applying Design Approaches to Policy Making: Discovering Policy Lab, University of Brighton.Google Scholar
Kimbell, L. (2019), Designing policy objects: Anti-heroic design, in Fisher, T. and Gamman, L. Eds. Tricky Design: The Ethics of Things, London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Kimbell, L. and Bailey, J. (2017), Prototyping and the new spirit of policymaking. CoDesign, 13(3), 214226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lister, R. (2003), Citizenship: Feminist Perspectives. Second Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lukes, S. (1974), Power: A Radical View, London: MacMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsh, D. and Rhodes, R.A.W. (1992), Policy Networks in British Government, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McIntosh, I. and Wright, S. (2019), Exploring what the notion of ‘lived experience’ offers for social policy analysis. Journal of Social Policy, 48(3), 449467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milewa, T., Valentine, J. and Calnan, M. (1999), Community Participation and Citizenship in British Healthcare Planning: Narratives of Power and Involvement in the Changing Welfare State. Sociology of Health and Illness, 21(4), 445465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miliband, R. (1969), The State in Capitalist Society, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Mills, C.W. (1956), The Power Elite, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Monaghan, M. and Ingold, J. (2019), Policy practitioners’ accounts of evidence-based policy making: the case of Universal Credit. Journal of Social Policy, 48(2), 351368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mouffe, C. (2005), On the Political, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nair, S. and Howlett, M. (2017), Policy myopia as a source of policy failure: adaptation and policy learning under deep uncertainty. Policy and Politics, 45(1), 102–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Audit Office (2016), Use of Consultants and Temporary Staff, London: NAO.Google Scholar
National Audit Office (2017), Capability in the Civil Service, London: NAO.Google Scholar
Newman, J., Barnes, M., Sullivan, H. and Knops, A. (2004), Public participation and collaborative governance, Journal of Social Policy, 33(2), 203223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OECD (2009), Focus on Citizens: Public Engagement for Better Policy and Services, Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OPM Toolkit (2019), Open Policy Making toolkit: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/open-policy-making-toolkit (accessed 20.5.2020)Google Scholar
Page, J., Pearson, J., Jurgeit, B. and Kidson, M. (2012), Transforming Whitehall, London: Institute for Government.Google Scholar
Pallett, H. (2015), Public participation organisations and Open Policy: A Constitutional Moment for British democracy? Science Communication, 37(6), 769794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkinson, J. (2004), Why deliberate? The encounter between deliberation and new public managers, Public Administration, 82(2), 377395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pateman, C. (1970), Participation and Democratic Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, B.G. (2015), State failure, governance failure and policy failure: Exploring the linkages. Public Policy and Administration, 30(3–4), 261276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhodes, R.A.W. (2011), Everyday Life in British Government, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Richardson, J. (2018), The changing British policy style: From governance to government? British Politics, 13, 215233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richardson, L., Durose, C. and Dean, R.J. (2019), Why decentralise decision making? English local actors’ viewpoints, Governance, 32, 159176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riker, W. (1982), Liberalism Against Populism, San Fransisco: Waveland Press.Google Scholar
Rowe, R. and Shepherd, M. (2002), Public participation in the new NHS: No closer to citizen control? Social Policy and Administration, 36(3), 275290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutter, J. (2012), Opening Up Policy Making, London: Institute for Government.Google Scholar
Sasse, T. and Norris, E. (2019), Moving On: The Costs of High Staff Turnover in the Civil Service. London: Institute for Government.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, J. (1976), Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy5th Edition, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Shore, C. and Wright, S. (1997), Anthropology of Policy: Critical Perspectives on Governance and Power. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Stevens, A. (2011), Telling policy stories: an ethnographic study of the use of evidence in policymaking in the UK. Journal of Social Policy, 40(2), 237255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoker, G. (2006), Why Politics Matters, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Strokosch, K. and Osborne, S.P. (2016), Asylum seekers and the co-production of public services: Understanding implications for social inclusion and citizenship. Journal of Social Policy, 45(4), 673690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swyngedouw, E. (2005), Governance innovation and the citizen: the janus face of governance-beyond-the-state. Urban Studies, 42(11), 19912006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Syal, R., Bowers, S. and Wintour, P. (2013), ‘Big Four’ Accountants Use Knowledge of Treasury to Help Rich Avoid Tax. The Guardian, 26th April.Google Scholar
Talbot, C. and Talbot, C. (2015), Bridging the academic-policy-making gap. Public Money and Management, 35(3), 187194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torfing, J. and Ansell, C. (2017), Strengthening Political Leadership and Policy Innovation through the Expansion of Collaborative Governance. Public Management Review. 19(1), 3754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welsh, I. and Wynne, B. (2013), Science, scientism and imaginaries of publics in the UK: Passive objects, incipient threats. Science as Culture, 22, 540566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, F. (2016), Critical thinking in social policy: The challenges of past, present and future, Social Policy and Administration, 50(6), 628647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wintour, P. (2013), Ministers to get new powers to appoint civil servants. The Guardian, 10th July.Google Scholar
Young, I.M. (2002), Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar