¹ In preparing this article—particularly section I— we have been keenly aware of the loss of Martin Frederiksen, who had provided very valuable help in the past, and had promised it again. After his death his notebooks were made available by N. Purcell; but we are very conscious of missing his unrivalled knowledge of the Italian material. We have incurred debts to more friends than can be listed here: in particular, A. Poulter and J. Wilkes helped us cope with the Eastern European material; R. Gordon, J. North and S. Price offered comments on section VII, and K. Hopkins and N. Purcell on section IX.

² Epigraphica 42 (1980) 212.

³ Actes du VII^e Congrès International de l'Épigraphie grecque et latine, Costanza, 1977, ed. Pippidi, D. M. (1979)Google Scholar; cf. Bull. Ep. 1980.

⁴ The latest report by Le Glay, M. in Epigraphica 42 (1980) 231Google Scholar.

⁵ For details of the work of reorganization, and of some of the discoveries resulting from it, see I. Di Stefano Manzella, RPAA 49 (1976–1977) 249; Epigraphica 41 (1979) 131.

⁶ There are useful summaries of much of this material annually in Studi Etruschi. An important new source is Poccetti, P., Nuovi documenti italici a complemento del Manuale di Vetter (1979)Google Scholar.

⁷ Thus, on the Lapis Niger, F. Coarelli, PP 32 (1977) 229 (identifying it with the Volcanal), M. Pallotino, CRAI (1977) 224, T. N. Gantz, Arch. News 3 (1974) 65; on the Duenos Vase, A. E. Gordon, CSCA 8 (1975) 53, L.-C. Prat, REL 53 (1975) 315; on the Francois tomb inscription, Gantz, T. N., Historia 24 (1975) 539Google Scholar; on the Lex Sacra from Lavinium, M. Guarducci, Mélanges Heurgon (1976) I, 411, H. Le Bonniec, ibid., 509.

⁸ To the discussion cited in the last survey, JRS 66 (1976) 176 nn. 12 and 13, add now D. Ridgway, BICS 24 (1977) 17; Gordon, A. E., Epigraphica 40 (1978) 32Google Scholar; Colonna, G., Epigraphica 41 (1979) 119Google Scholar; M. Guarducci, MAL ⁸ 24 (1980) 413.

⁹ Stibbe, C. and others, Lapis Satricanus (1980)Google Scholar; cf. also C. Stibbe, Arch. Laz. I (1978) 56, E. Peruzzi, PP 33 (1978) 346, Pallotino, M., StudRom 27 (1979) 1Google Scholar, Prosdocimi, A., StudEtr 47 (1979) 183Google Scholar.

¹⁰ G. Buchner, PP 33 (1978) 130; G. Garbini, PP 33 (1978) 143 and 424.

¹¹ P. A. Gianfrotta, PP 30 (1975) 311; M. Torelli, PP 32 (1977) 398.

¹² A. Morandi, Arch. Laz. I (1978) 89.

¹³ Bruno, M. G. Tibiletti, Athenaeum 54 (1976) 99Google Scholar; L. R. Barici, PP 34 (1979) 148; Cristofani, M., StudEtr 47 (1979) 337Google Scholar; Santoro, P., I Galli e l'Italia (Exhibition catalogue, Rome, 1978) 267–9Google Scholar.

¹⁴ Torelli, M., Elogia Tarquiniensia (1975)Google Scholar; cf. reviews by T. J. Cornell, ASNP 6 (1976) 411, JRS 68 (1978) 167.

¹⁵ So Rawson, E., Historia 26 (1977) 340Google Scholar, Fraschetti, A., QuadUrb 24 (1977) 157Google Scholar.

¹⁶ Uggeri, G., Atene e Roma 22 (1977) 126Google Scholar.

¹⁷ Russi, A. and Valvo, M., in Quinta Miscellanea (1977) 225Google Scholar.

¹⁸ Harvey, P., Athenaeum 53 (1975) 33Google Scholar; cf. also Clauss, M., AArchSlov 28 (1977) 131Google Scholar.

¹⁹ F. Costabile, PP 21 (1976) 181.

²⁰ Hassall, M. and others, JRS 64 (1974) 195Google Scholar; see now A. W. Lintott, ZPE 20 (1976) 65, many of whose apparently excellent suggestions are disproved by the new readings; J.-L. Ferrary, MEFR 89 (1977) 619; A. Giovannini and E. Grzybek, MH 35 (1978) 33; J. H. Oliver, ZPE 32 (1978) 279 (but using a wrong reading); G. V. Sumner, GRBS 19 (1978) 211 (at one point following Oliver, wrongly); E. Badian and T. R. Martin, ZPE 35 (1979) 153.

²¹ C. Nicolet, in AEHE IV (1975–1976) 385 (cf. REL 51 (1973) 150), but above all in Insula Sacra: La Loi Gabinia Calpurnia de Délos (Paris, 1980)Google Scholar.

²² AEHE IV (1975–1976) 377.

²³ Carruba, O., Athenaeum 54 (1976) 163Google Scholar; cf. also Georgiev, V., Philologus 116 (1972) 96CrossRefGoogle Scholar, Études Balkaniques 4 (1971) 75, Linguistique Balkanique 17 (1974) 85.

²⁴ Fatas, G., Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia 176 (1979) 421Google Scholar.

²⁵ Triantaphyllos, G., ArchDelt 28 (1973) 464Google Scholar; G. Touchais, BCH 102 (1978) 726.

²⁶ V. N. Kontorini, AC 44 (1975) 89.

²⁷ G. Petzl, ZPE 30 (1978) 249.

²⁸ Petzl, G. and Pleket, H. W., Chiron 9 (1979) 73Google Scholar.

²⁹ H. R. Rawlings, AJAH I (1976) 2; R. M. Errington, ZPE 39 (1980) 279 (specially concerned with Sherk, RDGE no. 34).

³⁰ P. Collart, BCH 100 (1976) 177; see also G. Daux, JS (1977) 145, and Ancient Macedonia II (1977) 317.

³¹ H. Philipp and W. Koenigs, MDAI (A) 94 (1979) 193; note also the new inscription from Eretria elucidated by J. and L. Robert, in Bull. Ep. 1979. 351, as a reference to games held there in honour of Mummius and Artemis. On Mummius' booty, see below, p. 141 and n. 272.

³² Schleussner, B., Chiron 6 (1976) 97Google Scholar.

³³ Rubinsohn, Z. W., Historia 29 (1980) 50Google Scholar (with special reference to Syll ³ 709).

³⁴ E. Badian, AJAH I (1976) 105; see also Habicht, Chr., Chiron 6 (1976) 127Google Scholar; L. Robert, JS (1978) 145.

³⁵ A. W. Lintott, ZPE 30 (1978) 137; Mellor, R., Chiron 8 (1978) 319Google Scholar.

³⁶ Bernhardt, R., Historia 29 (1980) 190Google Scholar. The publication of the Aphrodisias texts is now in press.

³⁷ The Emperor in the Roman World (1977).

³⁸ G. P. Burton, ZPE 21 (1976) 63, starting, of course, from the Corbulo document, PP 30 (1975) 102, no. II.

³⁹ W. Williams, ZPE 22 (1976) 91, discussing the libellus with subscript of Antoninus Pius published by G. Petzl, ZPE 14 (1974) 77; A. D'Ors and F. Martin discuss propositio libellorum in AJP 100 (1979) 111.

⁴⁰ J. H. Oliver, ZPE 20 (1976) 179, commenting on a letter ostensibly of Marcus and Verus, written when Verus was in the east.

⁴¹ Herrmann, P., Festschrift F. Vittinghof (1980) 339Google Scholar; cf. also K. J. Rigsby, AJP 100 (1979) 401, discussing an appeal to an emperor by Balboura for such a guarantee.

⁴² Drew-Bear, T., Herrmann, P. and Eck, W., Chiron 7 (1977) 355Google Scholar; L. Robert, BCH 102 (1978) 432.

⁴³ J. M. Carter, ZPE 24 (1977) 227.

⁴⁴ J. P. Hallett, AJAH 2 (1977) 151.

⁴⁵ Apollo: P. Peppas-Delmousou, AJP 100 (1979) 125. Pharaoh: E. Gryzbek, MH 35 (1978) 149.

⁴⁶ Lomas, F. Javier, Habis 9 (1978) 323Google Scholar.

⁴⁷ J. M. Reynolds, PCPhS 206 (1980) 80, no. 12.

⁴⁸ W. D. Lebek, ZPE 24 (1977) 25, on CIL iv. 6893.

⁴⁹ Cavuoto, V., in Quarta Miscellanea (1975) 207Google Scholar.

⁵⁰ V. Saladino, ZPE 39 (1980) 215.

⁵¹ Eck, W., Epigraphica 41 (1979) 113Google Scholar.

⁵² Chiron 7 (1977) 279.

⁵³ Buttrey, T., Documentary evidence for the chronology of the Flavian titulature (Beiträge zur Klassischen Philologie 112) (1980)Google Scholar; CJ 71 (1975/76) 26 (Domitian's perpetual censorship); Houston, G. W., Emerita 44 (1976) 397CrossRefGoogle Scholar (censorship of Vespasian and Titus); Gasperini, L., Scritti … Zambelli (1978) 130Google Scholar (Vespasian as p.p.).

⁵⁴ Brunt, P. A., JRS 67 (1977) 95Google Scholar (Lex de imperio); G. W. Houston, AJP 98 (1977) 35 (adlections to the Senate); Montenegro, A., Hispania Antiqua 5 (1975) 7Google Scholar, and Wiegels, R., Hermes 106 (1978) 196Google Scholar (Spain).

⁵⁵ R. Merkelbach, ZPE 34 (1979) 62, discussing its erasure at Ephesus.

⁵⁶ Mazzarino, S., Epigraphica 40 (1978) 241Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ S. Follet, RPh 105 (1979) 29; see also J. H. Oliver, AJP 100 (1979) 543.

⁵⁸ Krier, J., Chiron 10 (1980) 449Google Scholar.

⁵⁹ P. Herz, ZPE 31 (1978) 285.

⁶⁰ Mirkovć, M.. AArchSlov 28 (1977) 183Google Scholar.

⁶¹ Dagron, G. and Marcillet-Jaubert, J., Belleten 42 (1978) 412Google Scholar.

⁶² Latomus 38 (1979) 67.

⁶³ ZPE 37 (1980) 117.

⁶⁴ Campus, L., ArchClass 29 (1977) 411Google Scholar.

⁶⁵ David, J.-M., AntAfr II (1977) 149CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁶ Christol, M., AntAfr 10 (1976) 69CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁷ Above, p. 104, no. 3.

⁶⁸ V. Neri, REA 80 (1978) 85.

⁶⁹ P. André, ABPO 85 (1978) 349.

⁷⁰ G. Petzl and H. W. Pleket, ZPE 34 (1979) 282.

⁷¹ T. D. Barnes, ZPE 21 (1976) 275.

⁷² Arnaldi, A., Contributi … Garzetti (1977) 175Google Scholar; C. T. H. R. Ehrhardt, ZPE 38 (1980) 177.

⁷³ A. Chastagnol, MEFR 88 (1976) 259; Arnaldi, A., Epigraphica 39 (1977) 91Google Scholar.

⁷⁴ Gasperini, L., AnnFacLettFilMacerata 9 (1976) 393Google Scholar.

⁷⁵ Thrace, II, 7. I, 186; Pontus, II, 7. 2, 913; Cappadocia, II, 7. 2. 1125; Emesa, II, 8, 198; Judaea, II, 8,296; Commagene, II, 8,732 (all by R. D. Sullivan); Armenia, II, 9. I, 71 (M.-L. Chaumont).

⁷⁶ J. Wagner and G. Petzl, ZPE 20 (1976) 201, with minor corrections by W. Clarysse, ZPE 23 (1976) 264. On the religious concerns of the eastern dynasties more generally, see Sullivan, R. D., Festschrift Doerner (1978) II, 914Google Scholar.

⁷⁷ ABSA 73 (1978) 249.

⁷⁸ Britannia 10 (1979) 243. The problems associated with the reading legatus Aug. are brought out by A. A. Barrett, ibid. 227.

⁷⁹ Letta, C., Athenaeum 54 (1976) 37Google Scholar.

⁸⁰ S. Priuli, NSA 31 (1977) 332.

⁸¹ In Sesta Miscellanea (1978) 347.

⁸² Die Senatoren aus dent östlichen Teil des Imperium Romanum bis zum Ende des 2. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. (Hypomnemata 58) (1979).

⁸³ JRS 65 (1975) 12.

⁸⁴ JRS 70 (1980) 77 n. 138; Danubian Papers (1971) 241.

⁸⁵ Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter den Antoninen (1977); English summary in AncSoc 7 (1976) 263.

⁸⁶ Eck, W., Senatoren von Vespasian bis Hadrian (1970)Google Scholar. Professor Chastagnol's study of the Senate at the beginning of the Empire is also in progress.

⁸⁷ JRS 70 (1980) 203.

⁸⁸ CQ 28 (1978) 407.

⁸⁹ Historia 24 (1975) 324; ZPE 37 (1980) 117.

⁹⁰ G. Barbieri, RAL ⁸ 30 (1975) 153; S. Panciera, RPAA 48 (1976) 282; Dušanić, S., Germania 56 (1978) 461Google Scholar; Jones, B. W., Historia 25 (1976) 499Google Scholar; Lorincz, B., AArchSlov 28 (1977) 369Google Scholar; Oates, J. F., Phoenix 30 (1976) 282CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁹² Miscellanea E. Manni (1980) I, 463.

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⁹⁴ See below, p. 135 and n. 196, with n. 293.

⁹⁵ Les Fastes de la province de Narbonnaise (Gallia Suppl 30) (1978).

⁹⁶ Afrique romaine: Scripta Varia I (1978); La Gaule et l'Empire romain: Scripta Varia II (1981).

⁹⁷ ZPE 37 (1980) 1; cf. Syme, , Roman Papers (1980) II, 629Google Scholar.

⁹⁸ AJP 100 (1979) 166.

⁹⁹ Ktema 2 (1977) 285.

¹⁰⁰ Sarikakis, T. K., Roman governors of the province of Macedonia (in Greek) II (1977)Google Scholar; see Papazoglou, F., ZAnt 29 (1979) 227Google Scholar.

¹⁰¹ Historia 24 (1976) 63.

¹⁰² Above, n. 66.

¹⁰³ Athenaeum 56 (1978) 145.

¹⁰⁴ Eck, W., Die staatliche Organisation Italiens in der hohen Kaiserzeit (1979)Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁵ AncSoc 10 (1979) 171.

¹⁰⁶ Chiron 9 (1979) 465. G. Camodeca, who promises a monograph on curatores r.p., discusses some instances of the post in Italy, ZPE 35 (1979) 225. F. Jacques has completed a lengthy study of curatores, not yet in print.

¹⁰⁷ Epigraphica 39 (1977) 71.

¹⁰⁸ REA 78 (1976) 160.

¹⁰⁹ Latomus 37 (1978) 148.

¹¹⁰ Chiron 9 (1979) 495.

¹¹¹ Rémy, B., Historia 25 (1976) 458Google Scholar; M. Christol, ZPE 28 (1978) 145.

¹¹² Champlin, E. J., Fronto and Antonine Rome (1980)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹¹⁴ MEFR 87 (1975) 681.

¹¹⁵ Nouvelles inscriptions de Phrygie (1978) 27, no. 15; PLRE I, Menander 7.

¹¹⁶ ZPE 26 (1977) 175 and n. 14.

¹¹⁷ Naour, Ch., AncSoc 9 (1978) 177 no. 4Google Scholar; PLRE I, Sozomenus.

¹¹⁸ Syme, I. R., Chiron 10 (1980) 427Google Scholar; 2. F. Eckhardt, ZPE 27 (1977) 210; 3. Syme, R., JRS 68 (1978) 12Google Scholar; 4. Bertrandy, F., Karthago 17 (1973/1974) 195Google Scholar; 5. H.-G. Pflaum, AEHE IV (1974/75) 363; 6. H. I. Macadam, ZPE 38 (1980) 72; 7. S. Panciera, RPAA 48 (1975/76) 302. 8. Oates, J. F., Phoenix 30 (1976) 282CrossRefGoogle Scholar; 9. F. Jacques, ZPE 22 (1976) 215; 10. Syme, R., JRS 68 (1978) 12Google Scholar; II. J. Marcillet-Jaubert, BAA 5 (1971/74) 163; 12. W. Eck, ZPE 37 (1980) 31; 13. W. Eck, ZPE 30 (1978) 277; 14. G. Camodeca, AAN 82 (1971) 39; 15. H.-G. Pflaum, AEHE IV (1973/74) 272; 16. G. Camodeca, ZPE 28 (1978) 151; 17. W. Eck, ZPE 37 (1980) 31; 18. Chastagnol, A., Historia 25 (1976) 253Google Scholar; 19. D. French, ZPE 29 (1978) 211; 20. Birley, E., AArch Slov 28 (1977) 180Google Scholar and B. Lorincz, ZPE 33 (1979) 157; 21. Alföldy, G., Chiron 8 (1978) 361Google Scholar; 22. See no. 17. 23. Blanc, A. and Desaye, H., Gallia 33 (1975) 241CrossRefGoogle Scholar; 24. A. J. S. Spawforth, above, n. 77; 25. Russu, I. I., Stud. si cere. vet. 30 (1979) 437Google Scholar; 26. Sartre, M., Ann. Dep. Ant. Jordan 21 (1976) 105Google Scholar; 27. Marcillet-Jaubert, J., AArchSlov 28 (1977) 346Google Scholar and Piso, I., Act. Mus. Nap. 16 (1979) 69Google Scholar; 28. G. Alföldy, ZPE 27 (1977) 218; 29. I. Nicolaou, RDAC (1975) 192; 30. G. Alföldy, ZPE 36 (1979) 337; 31. Johne, K. P., AArchSlov 28 (1977) 403Google Scholar; 32. Piso, I., Act. Mus. Nap. 15 (1978) 179Google Scholar, and M. Mirković, ZAnt 27 (1977) 443; 33. G. Alföldy, ZPE 39 (1980) 255; 34. Petersen, L., AArchSlov 28 (1977) 288Google Scholar, cf. Giovannini, A., Rome et la circulation monitaire en Grèce (1978) 115Google Scholar, for an attempt to redate IG V. I. 1432–3; 35. J. Devreker, ZPE 22 (1976) 203; 36. M. Cébeillac-Gervasoni, PP 34 (1979) 267; 37. W. Eck, ZPE 37 (1980) 31; 38. ibid. 39. G. Camodeca, AAN 87 (1976) 19 and Pentiti, G. Asdrubali, StudRom 26 (1978) 544Google Scholar; 40. Schumacher, L., Chiron 6 (1976) 165Google Scholar; 41. A. B. Bosworth, ZPE 39 (1980) 267; 42. Vogel-Weidemann, U., AClass 19 (1976) 135Google Scholar; 43. E. J. Champlin, ZPE 32 (1978) 269; 44. Birley, A. R., AArchSlov 28 (1977) 360Google Scholar; 43. R. Hodot, ZPE 34 (1979) 221; 46. D. French, ZPE 27 (1977) 247; 47. D. French, ZPE 21 (1976) 77; 48. Lazarides, P., ArchDelt 29 (1973) 60Google Scholar; 49. G. Camodeca, AAN 87 (1976) 39; 50. D. L. Kennedy, ZPE 37 (1980) 24; 51. G. Guadagno, RAL8 30 (1975) 361; 52. S. Dušanić, ZAnt 27 (1977) 190; 53. J. H. D'Arms, AJP 97 (1976) 387; 54. R. Syme, HSCP 83 (1979) 287; 55. Chastagnol, A., L'album municipale de Timgad (1978)Google Scholar.

¹¹⁹ D. French, AS 27 (1977) 191; D. L. Kennedy, ZPE 36 (1979) 255; see also below, n. 142, no. 4, for a new praefectus Osrhoenae.

¹²⁰ ILS 9488. On Africans, cf. A. R. Birley, BJ 169 (1969) 271.

¹²¹ The proc.kal. Veliani in ILS 9470 is a freedman.

¹²¹ MEFR 89 (1977) 313.

¹²² ILS 5771 and add. For the builder of several miles of aqueduct at Syrian Apamea, see AE 1976. 677–8.

¹²³ Gascou, J., Latomus 37 (1978) 436Google Scholar, developing the proposal of Pflaum, AEHE IV (1975/1976) 373, based on AE 1973. 459 (now published by Roxan, below n. 156, no. 21).

¹²⁵ JRS 70 (1980) 64, especially 69–72; cf. G. Alföldy, ZPE 36 (1979) 233.

¹²⁶ ibid. 79–80.

¹²⁷ Cf. the list in Jarrett, M. G., Historia 12 (1963) 211Google Scholar; only two men from Thugga are earlier than this.

¹²⁸ Cf. Meiggs, R., Roman Ostia² (1973) 584Google Scholar.

¹²⁹ CP 74 (1979) 1.

¹³⁰ JRS 70 (1980) 44.

¹³¹ Brunt, P. A., JRS 65 (1975) 141Google Scholar; d'Escurac, H. Pavis, Les préfets de l'annone (1976)Google Scholar. For scepticism about the existence of rules of advancement within the freedman administrative system, see Burton, G. P., JRS 67 (1977) 164Google Scholar.

¹³² AEHE IV (1973/74) 271. from AE 1967. 644, suggesting sexagenarian rather than centenarian status for the post of proc. XX hered. per Asiam Phrygiam Lyciam Galatiam.

¹³³ ILS 1330, as emended by Domaszewski: see Pflaum, , Carrières, 816Google Scholar.

¹³⁴ ZPE 17 (1975) 263; 38 (1980) 75.

¹³⁵ Historia 27 (1978) 336.

¹³⁶ Historia 25 (1976) 109; cf. Osier, J., Latomus 36 (1977) 674Google Scholar.

¹³⁷ ZPE 40 (1980) 273; ACD 13 (1977) 51.

¹³⁸ Piso, I., Chiron 8 (1978) 515Google Scholar; improved by W. Eck (above, n. 104) and G. Alföldy, ZPE 34 (1979) 247.

¹³⁹ ZPE 21 (1976) 135; further comments by W. Eck, ZPE 25 (1977) 227.

¹⁴⁰ G. Forni, RAL6 30 (1975) 51; Alföldy, G., Situla 14–15 (1974) 199Google Scholar.

¹⁴¹ AEHE IV (1974/75) 367; cf. Habicht, Chr. in Altertümer von Pergamum VIII. 3 (1969) 35Google Scholar.

¹⁴² Piso, I. I., Dacia 20 (1976) 251Google Scholar; 2. S. Demougin, MEFR 90 (1978) 317; 3. Christol, M., Latomus 35 (1976) 866Google Scholar; 4. H. Petersen, TAPhA 107 (1977) 267; 5. C. Foss, ZPE 26 (1977) 161, suggesting a Diocletianic or later date; accepted and developed by J.-M. Carrié, ZPE 35 (1979) 213; 6. AE 1976. 252, cf. AE 1888. 132; 7. S. Mitchell, AS 27 (1977) 68; 8. M. Cébeillac-Gervasoni and F. Zevi, MEFR 88 (1976) 625; 9. Laffi, U., Athenaeum 55 (1977) 369Google Scholar; 10. J. D. Thomas, ZPE 21 (1976) 153; II. I. Piso, ZPE 40 (1980) 273.

¹⁴³ Prosopographia militiarium equestrium quae fuerunt ab Augusto ad Gallienum (I 1976, II 1977).

¹⁴⁴ Pflaum, o.c. above (n. 141), 366.

¹⁴⁵ Demougin, S., Epigraphica 37 (1975) 174Google Scholar (splendidus eques); AncSoc 6 (1975) 143 (indices) on which compare Pflaum, , AntAfr 2 (1968) 153CrossRefGoogle Scholar. One of Pflaum's 35 may be de]c(urione) adlec[t(us), rather than in decuriis adlectus (despite ILAlg II. 2, 4694).

¹⁴⁶ M. Cancellieri RAL8 29 (1974) 245.

¹⁴⁷ Burnand, Y., Domitii Aquenses (1975)Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁸ The two-year-old: B. Stümpel, MZ 69 (1974) 242; nine-year-old: Saladino, V., Athenaeum 55 (1977) 328Google Scholar. See, e.g., Stein, A., Röm. Ritterstand 56 n. 4Google Scholar; P. Veyne, BCH 90 (1976) 149 n. I.

¹⁴⁹ Dobson, B., Die Primipilares (1978)Google Scholar.

¹⁵⁰ Speidel, M. P., Guards of the Roman armies: an essay on the singulares of the provinces (1978)Google Scholar.

¹⁵¹ PACA 15 (1980) 20.

¹⁵² Hervas, J. M. Roldán, Hispania y el ejercito romano (1974)Google Scholar. Important commentary is offered by P. Le Roux, REA 77 (1975) 140; Forni, G., Athenaeum 54 (1976) 500Google Scholar; Wiegels, R., Gnomon 52 (1980) 268Google Scholar. Le Roux provides many improved readings.

¹⁵³ Aegyptus 59 (1979) 190; ANRW II, I, 452.

¹⁵⁴ ANRW II, 8, 687.

¹⁵⁵ JRS 66 (1976) 45.

¹⁵⁶ Roman Military Diplomas 1954–1977 (1978). Nos. 14, 34 and 60 were previously unpublished. For more recent material see ZPE 36 (1979) 228; Germania 56 (1978) 461; and below, nn. 160, 161.

¹⁵⁷ ANRW II, I, 339; cf. AE 1955. 238, and 1969. 633.

¹⁵⁸ CRAI (1979) 436.

¹⁵⁹ For small garrisons cf. Breeze, D. J., in Studien zu den Militärgrenzen Roms II (1977) 1Google Scholar; Duncan-Jones, R. P., Chiron 8 (1978) 552Google Scholar.

¹⁶⁰ MH 36 (1979) 101.

¹⁶¹ AE 1977. 722.

¹⁶² Best, J. G. P., Talanta 3 (1971) 1Google Scholar; Castrén, P., Arctos 8 (1974) 5Google Scholar; Frei-Stolba, R., Talanta 10–11 (1978/1979) 44Google Scholar. Cf. CIL HI. 508, AE 1934. 152, and Ritterling, RE XII, 1671.

¹⁶³ AE 1976. 540.

¹⁶⁴ E. R. Birley, AncSoc 9 (1978) 257; Banner HA Coll. (1972/74) 65.

¹⁶⁵ AncSoc 9 (1978) 275.

¹⁶⁶ Numidia and the Roman Army (1979).

¹⁶⁷ B. Isaac and I. Roll, ZPE 33 (1979) 149; with J. R. Rea, ZPE 38 (1980) 220.

¹⁶⁸ ANRW II, 3, 202. In the same volume, D. B. Saddington surveys the development of auxilia from Augustus to Trajan, 176.

¹⁶⁹ M. P. Speidel, TAPhA 106 (1976) 339.

¹⁷⁰ AE 1976. 690.

¹⁷¹ Dobson, ANRW II, I, 392; Breeze, BJ 174 (1974) 245; ANRW II, I, 435; Britannia 7 (1976) 127.

¹⁷² ZPE 20 (1976) 253.

¹⁷³ BJ 176 (1976) 123.

¹⁷⁴ ZPE 36 (1979) 263. Christol, M., Chiron 7 (1977) 393Google Scholar. has discussed the origin of the title protector.

¹⁷⁵ AJP 93 (1972) 253; HSCP 81 (1977) 257.

¹⁷⁶ AncSoc 6 (1975) 251.

¹⁷⁷ Speidel, M. P., JRS 63 (1973) 141Google Scholar; Kaimio, J., Arctos 9 (1975) 39Google Scholar adds little. If the ratio (for foot-soldiers) were 5/6, the annual pay of a miles legionis under Diocletian would have the unlikely total of 1542½ denarii, since an eques alae then received 1800; whereas the 2/3 ratio in Speidel's reconstruction places the legionary on a par with the eques alae. (For the Diocletianic rates, see Duncan-Jones, R. P., Chiron 8 (1978) 541Google Scholar.) The attempt by D. J. Breeze to contest Speidel's interpretation involves the un likely assumption that Maximus took a cut in pay when he moved from being vexillarius equitum to become duplicarius alae (AE 1969. 583; JRS 61 (1971) 135, cf. Speidel, o.c, nn. 17–18). B. Dobson, AncSoc 3 (1972) 193, has compared the pay and prospects of the legionary centurion with those of the equestrian officer.

¹⁷⁸ Campbell, B., JRS 68 (1978) 153Google Scholar; P. Garnsey, CSCA 3 (1970) 45; cf. M. Mirkoviĉ, ZPE 40 (1980) 259.

¹⁷⁹ M.-Th. Raepsaet Charlier, AC 47 (1978) 557.

¹⁸⁰ REL 55 (1977) 282; cf. Wolff, H., Chiron 4 (1974) 479Google Scholar. Morris, and Roxan, , AArchSlov 28 (1977) 299Google Scholar.

¹⁸¹ M. Guarducci and H. Le Bonniec have offered different views of the third century B.C. bronze tablet from Lavinium, which refers to Ceres (above, n. 7), while T. J. Cornell has again attacked the idea that the Tor Tignosa altar should have anything to do with Aeneas (LCM 2 (1977) 77). In more general terms, H. S. Versnel (in reaction to Palmer's, R. E. A.Roman Religion and Roman Empire (1974)CrossRefGoogle Scholar), has discussed methodological problems in handling these early texts (Talanta, 8–9 (1977) 119; cf. his remarks on the Lapis Satricanus, above, p. 122 and n. 9). Some Etruscan documents allow more certain inter-pretation; see, e.g. Cristofani, M. and Martelli, M., StudEtr 46 (1978) 119Google Scholar; G. Colonna, RSA 6 (1976) 45.

¹⁸² Mélanges Heurgon (1976) I, 519. The stone was first published by Hall, A. S., Akt. VI. Kongr. Griech. u. Lat. Epigr. (1973), 568Google Scholar. The limits of such adaptability in Roman religion (particularly in relation to the surviving SC de Bacchanalibus) are helpfully discussed by J. North, PCPhS 205 (1979) 85.

¹⁸³ Epigraphica 37 (1975) 84; it does not, however, appear certain that he should be identified with one of the Scipiones Asinae, as B. suggests.

¹⁸⁴ E.g. Fayer, C., Il culto della dea Roma; origine e diffusione nell'Impero (Collana di saggi e ricerche 9) (1976)Google Scholar; note the book by Mellor cited in JRS 66 (1976) n. 44.

¹⁸⁵ Chiron 6 (1976) 165. Tuchelt, K., Frühe Denkmäler Roms in Kleinasiens I, MDAI (I) Beiheft 23 (1979)Google Scholar is also apposite, especially where (57) he considers the form of inscriptions on statue bases of Republican and Augustan promagistrates, and demonstrates the growth of a tendency to associate their wives and families in the honours, as later in the imperial cult.

¹⁸⁶ JRS 70 (1980) 28.

¹⁸⁷ Athenaeum 56 (1978) 3.

¹⁸⁸ Palmyra: Chiron 6 (1976) 349, with a date of A.D. 166. Nabataea: Hommages Préaux (1975) 513.

¹⁸⁹ Gawantka, W. and Zahrnt, M., Chiron 7 (1977) 305Google Scholar, fully elucidated by L. Robert, BCH 102 (1978) 437. This kind of flexibility in cult practice is also attested by the continuing discovery of new titles and new combinations for worship; thus I. Nicolaou, RDAC (1976) 247, has re-examined a text from Cyprus to reveal a priest tōn sebastōn kai tēs hieras sy[nklet]ou, a combination not previously attested on the island.

¹⁹⁰ J. M. Reynolds, PCPhS 206 (1980) 70.

¹⁹¹ Full text given by Moretti, RFIC 108 (1980) 33, based on Sarikakis, T., Chiaka Chronika 7 (1975) 14Google Scholar; see also Bull. Ep. 1980. 353. Some problems remain. The date accepted here is c. 190–188 B.C., although the third century has been suggested (e.g. N. Kontoleon, PAAH (1953) 270). The nature of the monument representing Romulus and Remus is also unclear; Sarikakis conceived of an inscribed narrative history, while Moretti favours an artistic representation.

¹⁹² Fishwick, D., Historia 24 (1975) 114Google Scholar.

¹⁹³ Sensi, L., Athenaeum 55 (1977) 329Google Scholar, suggesting that the burial dates of the princes are commemorated; the more plausible case, proposing the celebration of their birthdays, is made by Priuli, S., Miscellanea (Tituli II, 1980) 47Google Scholar, with minor emendations to the restorations.

¹⁹⁴ Epigr. Stud. II (1976) 143; ANRW II, 16. 2, 1254. See also Kneissel, P., Chiron 10 (1980) 291Google Scholar, for more adventurous suggestions on the functions of Augustales within the social structure of cities.

¹⁹⁵ ANRW II, 16.2, 1201.

¹⁹⁶ J. Scheid and H. Broise, MEFR 92 (1980) £215. A smaller new fragment of the Acta for 53 is published by S. Panciera, RPAA 48 (1975/76) 279. G. Colonna, NSA 29 (1975) 37, has published fragments of two inscribed calendars from the region of Viterbo; the later is dated to the second century A.D., although it has commonly been assumed that (with the exception of S. Maria Maggiore) such texts did not extend so late.

¹⁹⁷ The need for such revision is made clear by Pippidi's rereading and redating of the text recording the foundation of the temple of Mithras at Histria, (Hommages Vermaseren (1978) 967)Google Scholar. If P. is correct, this would reveal the full integration of the municipal elite into the cult by the middle of the second century A.D., which is hardly compatible with the traditional view.

¹⁹⁸ JMS 2 (1977/78) 148.

¹⁹⁹ JMS 3 (1980) 1.

²⁰⁰ The Lucus Furrinae and the Syrian Sanctuary on the Janiculum (1975), also: Pacific Coast Philology 10 (1975) 29; RSA 9 (1979) 131; PP 34 (1979) 55. It is convincingly argued that the third phase of the sanctuary incorporated a ‘mystery’ cult, on the basis of the building remains; the characterization of the second phase depends almost entirely on the epigraphic evidence, even more difficult to interpret.

²⁰¹ Hassall, M. W. C. and Tomlin, R. S. O., Britannia 10 (1979) 341Google Scholar; a further group of curses, from Bath, is to be published shortly. In the same area one may note L. Robert's recent study of funerary maledictions, CRAI (1978) 241.

²⁰² BJ 175 (1975) 63.

²⁰³ MEFR 88 (1976) 843; the original publication by J. Pouilloux, JS (1975) 58.

²⁰⁴ In Les Martyrs de Lyon (177) (1978) 119, and, better, in AJP 99 (1978) 336.

²⁰⁵ Les Martyrs de Lyon (177), III.

²⁰⁶ Gibson, Elsa, The Christians for Christians inscriptions of Phrygia (1978)Google Scholar; also in GRBS 16 (1975) 433, and BASP 12 (1975) 151. A. R. R. Sheppard has published a group of Christian epitaphs, AS 29 (1979) 169; see also his review of Gibson, CR 30 (1980) 314. L. Robert has examined the funerary imprecations characteristic of the pagan and Christian epitaphs of the area, CRAI (1978) 253; see also the study of the funerary monuments by Waelkens, M., Actes VII^e Congr. Epigr. (1979) 105Google Scholar.

²⁰⁷ Notes d'épigraphie chrétienne—chiefly, but not exclusively, on funerary material: BCH 100 (1976) 269; 101 (1977) 208; 102 (1978) 545; 104 (1980) 459.

²⁰⁸ AntAfr 14 (1979) 261.

²⁰⁹ Arctos 10 (1976) 49, on representations of tools on funerary monuments; Arctos 12 (1978) 27, on descriptions of the after-life in poetry and inscriptions cf. also n. 211.

²¹⁰ ZPE 33 (1979) 116.

²¹¹ C. Foss, on the era of creation and its use, ZPE 31 (1978) 241; cf. id., ZPE 25 (1977) 282; Kajanto, I., on dating in inscriptions at Rome, Arctos II (1977) 41Google Scholar; G. Alföldy, on examples of dating by the lunar calendar, AArch Slov 28 (1977) 455.

²¹² Tjäder, L., Eranos 22 (1970) 148Google Scholar; Lifshitz, B., Epigraphica 26 (1974) 97Google Scholar.

²¹³ In general, recent studies have justified the scepticism of Hopkins, K. (Population Studies 20 (1966) 245CrossRefGoogle Scholar) and others. B. Boyayal, for example, suggests that apparent variations in mortality rates obtained from Greco-Roman funerary inscriptions in Egypt should be explained in terms of histoire de mentalité, not of demography (ZPE 28 (1978) 193, with ZPE 21 (1976) 217 and ZPE 26 (1977) 262). Further problems are raised by M. Clauss, AntAfr 9 (1975) 109. and Duncan-Jones, R. P., Chiron 7 (1977) 333Google Scholar, and ZPE 33 (1979) 169 (emphasizing the distortion inherent in tombstone age figures), while J. Aquilella Almer and others, AntAfr 9 (1975) 115, present mathematical formulae for determining the validity of inscription samples; it is hard to assess the value of this exercise. A less critical approach towards epigraphic source material is still sometimes adopted—e.g. Lassère, J. M., Ubique populus (1977)Google Scholar—not entirely convincingly.

²¹⁴ It is impossible to list here all the important contributions in this area; but, for an indication of the range of problems illustrated by onomastic study, note Duval, N. (ed.), L'onomastique latine (1977)Google Scholar— papers of the colloquium on onomastics held in 1975—and Pippidi, D. M. (ed.) Actes VII^e Cottgr. Epigr. (1979)Google Scholar. One major section of the congress was devoted to onomastics.

²¹⁵ B. Holtheide, ZPE 38 (1980) 127, considers the title femina stolata, and shows that it was not a way of referring to the ius trium liberorum, but was commonly used in the third century A.D. for wives of centenarii or ducenarii. Honesta femina is discussed by Z. Benzina Ben-Abdullah and L. Ladjimi Sebaï, AntAfr II (1977) 161.

²¹⁶ S. Treggiari, AJAH I (1976) 76, discusses the range of ‘indoor employment’ for female urban slaves. This is to be related to her earlier study, PBSR 30 (1975) 48, of jobs for both male and female slaves and liberti in the household of Livia, based largely on the memorial plaques from the monumentum Liviae.

²¹⁷ E. Schwertheim, ZPE 29 (1978) 213, and (preferably) M. Sève, BCH 103 (1979) 327.

²¹⁸ Ch. Naour, ZPE 24 (1977) 265; probably mid-second century A.D.

²¹⁹ Solà, P. Resina and Muñoz, M. Pastor, Zephyrus 28–29 (1978) 333Google Scholar; the name of the city, Tagilitana, was previously unknown.

²²⁰ The problem is treated more generally by MacMullen, R., Historia 29 (1978) 208Google Scholar, drawing on a wide range of epigraphic evidence from the whole empire. It will be fully discussed in a thesis currently being prepared by Miss H. C. Van Bremen (University College London), to whom we are grateful for drawing attention to the examples from Asia Minor.

²²¹ Wistrand, E., The so-called Laudatio Turiae (1976)Google Scholar. Note, for example, the function of the wife as custos (39–40). This edition is the first to incorporate the fragment AJA 54 (1950) 223, and the first to provide a complete photographic record of the Albani tablets. W. firmly restates the opinion of Durry, M. (Éloge funèbre d'une matrone romaine, (1950))Google Scholar that the husband is not a consular, an argument not met by the discussion of Gordon, A. E., Epigraphica 39 (1977) 7Google Scholar. (Thanks are due to N. M. Horsfall for discussion of these points.)

²²² M. Cébeillac-Gervasoni and F. Zevi, MEFR 88 (1976) 612 (but note errors in the published text—e.g. ludus for ludos—which must be compared closely with the photographs). Female gladiators have previously been attested in the East, but, until now, have only been known in the West through literary texts, or by implication, as above, p. 126. For women in other agonistic contexts see, for example, L. Robert, RA (1978) 277; lines 42–44 record a woman owner of a victorious two horse chariot.

²²³ L. Robert, BCH 102 (1978) 411; D. I. Pallas and Dantis, S. P., ArchEph (1977) 76Google Scholar.

²²⁴ Gladiatorum Paria, Annunci di spettacoli gladiatori a Pompeii (Tituli I, 1980). She has also produced detailed studies of gladiatorial texts from other parts of Italy, e.g. AIV 133 (1975) 435.

²²⁵ Lloris, M. Beltran, XIV Congresso National de Arqueologia (1977) 1061Google Scholar.

²²⁶ D. Knoepfler, BCH 103 (1979) 165; L. Robert, art. cit., n. 222.

²²⁷ Les associations de la jeunesse romaine sous le haut-empire (1978).

²²⁸ NSA 29 (1975) 224.

²²⁹ ZPE 36 (1979) 224.

²³⁰ Weaver, P. R. C., Epigr. Stud. II (1976) 215Google Scholar.

²³¹ See above, n. 51.

²³² Conquerors and Slaves (1978) 133.

²³³ Amongst new documents published: K. I. Gallis, Arch. Delt. 27 (1972) 418; 28 (1973) 327; 29 (1973/74) 580. Note the longer discussions of B. Helly, which include treatment of texts of Roman date, BCH 99 (1975) 119; Phoenix 30 (1976) 143.

²³⁴ Rey-Coquais, J. P., Inscriptions … découvertes dans les fouilles de Tyr (1963–1974) IGoogle Scholar; Inscriptions de la nécropole (BMB 29) (1977), with a summary of the important finds in RA (1979) 166; cf. Bull. Ep. 1978. 522. For the inscriptions from the necropolis at Korykos see MAMA III. 200–788. Such specificity in the designation of trades on tombstones seems to be largely (although not exclusively) a feature of Christian inscriptions; see above, p. 136.

²³⁵ Among new texts recording individual trades note: othoniopratis (linen merchant), S. Mitchell, AS 27 (1977) 98; neg(otiator) artis clostrariae (maker of, dealer in doorbolts) Gallia 34 (1976) 367; mulophisi[kos] (vet) Wright, R. P., Britannia 8 (1977) 279CrossRefGoogle Scholar; mouliōn (miller), [m]akellarios (meat seller) and others from late antique Corinth, D. I. Pallas and S. P. Dantis, ArchEph (1977) 61. Amongst corporations note: to synergion tōn en tē seitik[ē] ōmophorōn (porters in the corn market), L. Robert, BCH 101 (1977) 88 (with Petzl, G., Talanta 8–9 (1977) 94Google Scholar, and Bull. Ep. 1978.408); hē synodos tēskutikēs (sic) (leather workers), hē synergasia tōn gnapheōn (fullers) and hē synergasia tōn pilopoiōn (felt hat makers?) among a series of second century A.D. funerary inscriptions erected by corporations at Saittai in Lydia, S. Bakir-Barthel and H. Müller, ZPE 36 (1979) 163. In new discussions of previously published material, Z. Borkowski identifies a hydromiktēs as a man who sold wine mixed with water, ZPE 21 (1976) 75; L. Robert considers the exact functions of xylikarioi (carpenters), o.c. below, n. 238, 317; C. Foss discusses the status of workers in the Sardis arms factories in the late empire, ZPE 35 (1979) 279.

²³⁶ S. Mitchell, AS 27 (1977) 97. This text also provides new information on the domestic or commercial use of camels in Anatolia in antiquity, for it had been commonly thought that they were not found there until the eleventh century.

²³⁷ BCH 102 (1978) 413.

²³⁸ See, most recently, A trovers l'Asie Mineure (1980).

²³⁹ Hopkins, K., ‘Economic Growth and Towns in Classical Antiquity,’ in Abrams, P. and Wrigley, E. A. (eds.), Towns in Societies (1978) 71Google Scholar; Patlagean, E.. Pauvreté économique et pauvreté sociale à Byzance, 4^e–7^e? siècles (1977) 156CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁴⁰ Klema 4 (1979) 281.

²⁴¹ Moeller, W., The Wool Trade of Ancient Pompeii (1976)Google Scholar—but see R. P. Duncan-Jones, CR 29 (1979) 190. Note also V. Nutton, PBSR 32 (1977) 191 (doctors), and a useful collection of texts on banking, Bogaert, R., Texts on bankers, banking and credit in the Greek world (Epigraphica 3) (1976)Google Scholar.

²⁴² Helen, T., Organization of Roman brick production in the first and second centuries A.D. (1975)Google Scholar.

²⁴³ Setālā, P., Private domini in Roman brickstamps of the empire (1977)Google Scholar; but on this, and Helen, see the review by N. Purcell, below, p. 214. An excellent treatment of the chronology of the urban figlinae is given by M. Steinby, BCAR 84 (1974/1975) 7, who also provides a useful introduction to the whole subject in her survey, Ziegehtempel von Rom und Umgebung, RE Supp. XV (1978) 1489. For the raw materials of brickstamps, note the appearance of Lateres Signati Ostienses I and II (1977–1978), ed. Suolahti, J.Google Scholar.

²⁴⁴ Duncan-Jones, R. P., in Finley, M. I. (ed.) Studies in Roman Property (1976) 7CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁴⁵ Eirene 15 (1977) 27.

²⁴⁶ Pelletier, A., Latomus 35 (1976) 582Google Scholar.

²⁴⁷ Chiron 8 (1978) 441.

²⁴⁸ J. Peyras, AntAfr 9 (1975) 181.

²⁴⁹ AE 1976. 229

²⁵⁰ E. Lo Cascio, RAL⁸ 33 (1978) 311; Duncan-Jones, R. P., Economy of the Roman Empire (1974) chapter 7Google Scholar. For the administration of the alimenta, see now W. Eck (above, n. 104), chapter 5.

²⁵¹ AArchSlou 28 (1977) 406, on CIL XIV. 431. For an extended discussion of Italian foundations, see Andreau, J., Ktema 2 (1977) 157Google Scholar. Some new examples have been published: see Sesta Miscellanea (1978) 384; 463; 472, showing funds of 20,000, 6,000 and 2,000 sesterces, the last being exceptionally early (A.D. 43).

²⁵² Cf. Jordan, W. K., The Chanties of London 1480–1660 (1960)Google Scholar; The Charities of Rural England 1480–1660 (1961).

²⁵³ AntAfr 9 (1975) 159. Promises might also be increased even when there was no delay; see now BAA 5 (1971/1974) II, an aedile at Timgad who doubled the amount of a promise and executed it within the year of his office, under Antoninus Pius.

²⁵⁴ OGIS 484; A. D. Macro, GRBS 17 (1976) 169.

²⁵⁵ Aphrodisias: Erim, K. T., Reynolds, J. M., JRS 63 (1973) 99Google Scholar; J. M. Reynolds, ZPE 33 (1979) 46. Aezani: M. H. Crawford, J. M. Reynolds, ZPE 26 (1977) 125; 34 (1979) 163.

²⁵⁶ AE 1977. 776–7.

²⁵⁷ Mihailov, G., Stēlē (Festschrift Kontoleon) (1980) 147Google Scholar.

²⁵⁸ R. P. Duncan-Jones, ZPE 21 (1976) 53. The capacity of the sex(tarium) I measure published by M. Gabriĉević is 0.818 l., that is, 1½ Italic sextarii (Archlug 15 (1977) 42).

²⁵⁹ Duncan-Jones, ibid., 61; cf. Haverfield, F., ArchAel 13^e (1916) 85Google Scholar. Some equivalences between Roman and local corn-measures have been found in the Bu Ngem ostraca. The new measures all appear to equal 3 modii (R. Marichal, o.c, n. 158).

²⁶⁰ T. Frank, AJP 57 (1936) 87; Colls, D. and others, L'Épave Port-Vendres II (Archaeonautica I, 1977) 97Google Scholar, also suggesting emendations which reconcile the weights stated on amphorae with actual weights in Dressel, nos. 110, 104, 99, 106–7 (p. 84).

²⁶¹ P. Pensabene, BCAR 86 (1978/1979) 17.

²⁶² Cf. Duncan-Jones (n. 250), ch. III, nos. 392–3 (100 and 125 denarii), and Appendix 8.

²⁶³ JRS 68 (1978) 122.

²⁶⁴ Ktema 3 (1978) 55.

²⁶⁵ AntAfr 13 (1979) 22.

²⁶⁶ AEA 50 (1977) 87.

²⁶⁷ Taylor, J. du Plat (ed.), Roman shipping and trade: Britain and the Rhine armies (CBA Research Report 24, 1978) 41Google Scholar.

²⁶⁸ Chiron 9 (1979) 399.

²⁶⁹ Colls, D. and others, Gallia 33 (1975) 61CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see also n. 260 above.

²⁷⁰ AntAfr 14 (1979) 129.

²⁷¹ JDAI 92 (1977) 139.

²⁷² JRGZ (1975) 1; L. Mummius' activities in this sphere are also considered by Pietilä-Castren, L., Arctos 12 (1978) 115Google Scholar.

²⁷³ BICS 23 (1976) 79.

²⁷⁴ MAL ³ 23 (1979) 269. Recent work on the careers of Suetonius and Juvenal is discussed above, p. 129 and nn. 124–9.

²⁷⁵ Moretti, L., Scritti … Zambelli (1978) 251Google Scholar.

²⁷⁶ Epigraphica 39 (1977) 13.

²⁷⁷ Stēlē (n. 257) 10. For traces of other tourists, at Philae, see Hommages Vermaseren (1978), 994.

²⁷⁸ E. Kapetanopoulos, RF 104 (1976) 376, suggests that Nicanor was active in the reign of Nero, but Jones, C. P., Phoenix 32 (1978) 222CrossRefGoogle Scholar, argues for an Augustan date; this appears preferable, since it is not then necessary to argue that Athens lost Salamis—which was gained for her by Nicanor—between the time of Strabo and the reign of Nero.

²⁷⁹ Stēlē (n. 257) 1.

²⁸⁰ O.c. above, n. 238, 393–492, particularly 393–421 on Alexander or the false prophet.

²⁸¹ The Roman world of Dio Chrysostom (1978); Dio's life and career provide a helpful framework within which to present aspects of the life of the cities of Bithynia—and Asia Minor in general—under the empire. The cultural life and interests of another city—Pompeii—are unusually illuminated in a study of the graffiti by Gigante, M., Civiltà della forme letterarie nell'antica Pompei (1979)Google Scholar.

²⁸² Follet, S., Athènes au II^e et au III^e siècle (1976)Google Scholar; REG 90 (1977) 47; further L. Robert, AJP 100 (1979) 160.

²⁸³ CRAI (1978) 241, and especially 245–52. For some other observations on the Athenian intelligentsia under the empire, see Jones, C. P., Phoenix 32 (1978) 228CrossRefGoogle Scholar (Serapion the Stoic); 231 (dedications by Aelius Aristides).

²⁸⁴ AJP 98 (1977) 160.

²⁸⁵ RF 104 (1976) 191.

²⁸⁶ Bull. Ep. 1978. 491, interpreting S. Mitchell, AS 27 (1977) 81, no. 12.

²⁸⁷ By M. F. Smith : 55 new fragments in AS 28 (1978) 39, and 8 in AS 29 (1979) 69; see also Études sur l'épicurisme antique (1976), 279; Acta Xth Congr. Class. Arch (1978) 841; and, on the history of the discovery of the inscription, BCH 101 (1977) 353.

²⁸⁸ Basilica: D. Clay, AJP 99 (1978) 120, shows that the fragmentary reference to basili[k… alludes to the ‘sovereign remedy’ of Epicurean doctrines; Prosopography : Hall, A. S., JHS 99 (1979) 160CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁸⁹ Şahin, S., Hommages Vermaseren (1978) 998Google Scholar; for inscriptions recording a circle of philosophers in the area, id., ZPE 24 (1977) 257.

²⁹⁰ The inscription, in the Adana museum, was copied and published by Dagron, G. and Marcillet-Jaubert, J., Belleten 42 (1978) 402Google Scholar, no. 33, and, independently, by E. L. Bowie, ANRW II, 16. 2, 1687. Bowie suggests that the stone may well have formed the architrave of a shrine or heroon. The epigram is discussed in detail by Jones, C. P., JHS 100 (1980) 190CrossRefGoogle Scholar, giving strong arguments for a fourth century date.

²⁹¹ BCAR 82 (1970/1971) 105; MEFR 89 (1977) 219; RPAA 48 (1975/1976) 263.

²⁹² Duŝanić, S.Germania 56 (1978) 461Google Scholar.

²⁹³ Scheid and Broise, o.c, above, n. 196. The editors suggest that these statues represent Caligula and Claudius as consuls; but this seems uncertain.

²⁹⁴ Un'officina lapidaria sulla via Appia: studio archeologico sull'epigrafia sepolcrale d'età giulio-claudio in Roma (1980) See review, below, p. 231.

²⁹⁵ ArchDelt 29 (1973/1974) 505.

²⁹⁶ A new obscenity from Numidia, Marcillet-Jaubert, J., Epigraphica 37 (1975) 153Google Scholar. For elucidation of CIL x. 4483, and the obscene sense of gelasini (dimples), see Galli, F., QuadUrb 27 (1978) 195Google Scholar; for obscenities discussed in a political context, see above, n. 44.

²⁹⁷ Saladino, V., Prometheus 3 (1977) 179Google Scholar.

²⁹⁸ S. Lancel, AntAfr 16 (1980) 154.

²⁹⁹ Choremis, A. K., ArchDelt 28 (1973) 300Google Scholar; C. Meillier, ZPE 38 (1980) 98.