¹ Wiseman, T. P., JRS 76 (1986), 308Google Scholar.

² For the provisions of the law, see Pagliardi, N., ‘I programmi d'attuazione della legge n. 92’, in Archeologia e progetto, 1–3Google Scholar. Discussion of the measures taken and their implications: Whitehouse, D., ‘The future of ancient Rome’, Antiquity 57 (1983), 38–44;CrossRefGoogle Scholar J. Packer, ‘Politics, urbanism and archaeology in Roma capitale: a troubled past and a controversial future’, AJA 93 (1989), 137–41.

³ A. M. Vaccaro, ‘Studi e scoperte in relazione ai restauri dei grandi monumenti romani’, Arch. Laz. 8 (1987), 88–95.

⁴ Claridge, A. and Cozza, L., ‘Arco di Settimio Severo’, in Archeologia nel centro, 34–9Google Scholar; Nardi, R., ‘Arco di Settimio Severo: analisi archeologica e conservativa’, in Archeologia nel centro, 41–55Google Scholar; Nardi, R., ‘Intervento archeologico all'arco di Settimio Severo’, in Archeologia e progetto, 52–6Google Scholar.

⁵ Pensabene, P., Tempio di Saturno: architettura e decorazione (1984)Google Scholar.

⁶ Claridge, A., ‘Methods of fluting Corinthian columns and pilasters’, in Città e architettura, 119–28Google Scholar; and eadem in Cozza, L. (ed.), Tempio di Adriano (1982), 27–30Google Scholar.

⁷ e.g. Lazzarini, L. et al. , ‘Determination of the provenance of marbles used in some ancient monuments in Rome’, in Herz, N. and Waelkens, M., Classical Marble: Geochemistry, Technology, Trade (1988), 399–409CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸ For example: the involvement of the British School at Rome in the excavation of the S. Maria Antiqua site in the Forum; the Finnish Institute at the Lacus Juturnae; the Institutes of Denmark, Norway and Sweden at the Temple of Castor and Pollux; the American Academy at the Regia; the École Française at the Vigna Barberini, and the Swiss Institute at the Domus Tiberiana. It is striking, however, that most recent work on the city of Rome by British scholars has been primarily historical in character.

⁹ e.g. Giuliani, C. F. and Verduchi, P., L'area centrale del foro romano (1987)Google Scholar with T. P. Wiseman, ‘The central area of the Roman forum’, JRA 3 (1990), 245–6. On methodological issues, see Coarelli, F., ‘Topographie antique et idéologie moderne: le Forum romain révisité’, Annales ESC 37 (1982), 724–40;Google ScholarWiseman, T. P., JRS 75 (1985), 229;Google Scholar N. Purcell, ‘Rediscovering the Roman Forum’, JRA 2 (1989), 156–66.

¹⁰ Manacorda, D., Archeologia urbana a Roma: il progetto della Crypta Balbi (1982)Google Scholar; Manacorda, D., ‘Scavi alla Crypta Balbi: problemi di topografia antica’, in L'Urbs, 597–610Google Scholar; D. Manacorda and E. Zanini, ‘The first millennium AD in Rome’, in Randsborg, K., The Birth of Europe: Archaeology and Social Development in the First Millennium AD, ARID Supplementum XII (1989), 25–32;Google ScholarManacorda, D., ‘Excavations in the Crypta Balbi, Rome: a survey’, Accordia Papers I (1990), 73–81Google Scholar. See further below, p. 196.

¹¹ At the Lacus Juturnae, for example: Steinby, E. M., Lacus Juturnae I (1989), 176–316Google Scholar. For reassessment of the documentation of Boni's work: see, e.g., Palombi, D., ‘Contributo alla topografia della Via Sacra, dagli appunti inediti di Giacomo Boni’, in Ricerche e discussioni, 77–97Google Scholar; D. Palombi, ‘Gli horrea della Via Sacra: dagli appunti di G. Boni ad una ipotesi su Nerone’, DdA II. 8 (1990), 53–72; E. Carnabuci, ‘L'angolo sud-orientale del Foro Romano nel manoscritto inedito di Giacomo Boni’, Mem. Line. IX. I. 4 (1991), 251–365.

¹² Giuliani, C. F., ‘Lettura del centro monumentale: problemi di metodo’, in Archeologia nel centro, 9–16Google Scholar; Giuliani and Verduchi, op. cit. (n. 9), 11–18.

¹³ Barroero, L., Conti, A., Racheli, A. M. and Serio, M., Via dei Fori Imperiali. La zona archeologica di Roma: urbanistica, beni artistici, e politica culturale (1983), 101 ffGoogle Scholar.

¹⁴ See Cederna, A., Mussolini Urbanista (1981)Google Scholar; Nicolini, R., ‘La questione di Via dei Fori Imperiali’, in Roma: continuità dell'antico: i Fori Imperiali nel progetto della città (1981), 26–8Google Scholar.

¹⁵ See below, p. 209.

¹⁶ Avetta, L., Roma: Via Imperiale: scavi e scoperte (1937–50) nella costruzione di Via delle Terme di Caracalla e Via Cristoforo Colombo (1985)Google Scholar.

¹⁷ La Rocca, E., Amazzonomachia: le sculture frontali del tempio di Apollo Sosiano (1985)Google Scholar.

¹⁸ Napoleonic: Ridley, R. T., The Eagle and the Spade (1992)Google Scholar; nineteenth century: Roma Capitale; Fascism: Manacorda, D. and Tamassia, R., Il piccone del regime (1985)Google Scholar. See Packer, op. cit. (n. 2).

¹⁹ For photographs of nineteenth-century excavations see De Rossi, G. M., La riscoperta di Rama antica (1983)Google Scholar.

²⁰ Gatti, E., ‘Ricerche bibliografiche ed archivistiche’, in Archeologia nel centra, 334–5Google Scholar.

²¹ e.g. Refice, P. and Morano, M. Pignatti, ‘Ara Pacis Augustae: le fasi della ricomposizione nei documenti dell'Archivio Centrale dello Stato’, in Archeologia nel centra, 404–20Google Scholar, on the Ara Pacis.

²² Cozza, L., ‘I resti archeologici visibili nel sottosuolo: necessità di conoscerli e registrarli’, in Archeologia nel centro, 308–12Google Scholar.

²³ Castagnoli, F., ‘Per un aggiornamento della Forma Urbis del Lanciani’, in Archeologia nel centro, 313–19Google Scholar; also Tortorici, E., ‘Alcune osservazioni sulla tavola 8 della forma urbis del Lanciani’, in Ricerche e discussioni, 7–15Google Scholar; De Caprariis, F., ‘Le pendici settentrionali del Viminale ed il settore ovest del Quirinale’, in Ricerche e discussioni, 17–44Google Scholar.

²⁴ Ghini, G., ‘Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine’, in Archeologia nel centro, 395–9Google Scholar.

²⁵ La Regina, A., ‘Roma: continuità dall'antico’, in Roma: continuità dall'antico: i Fori Imperiali nel progetto della città (1981), 11–18Google Scholar; Whitehouse, op. cit. (n. 2), 40–2.

²⁶ Valle, U., ‘Lavori nell'area nord occidentale del Foro Romano’, in Archeologia nel centro, 19–23Google Scholar; G. Maetzke, ‘Area nord-occidentale del Foro Romano’, Bull. Comm. 91 (1986), 372–80. G. Maetzke, ‘La struttura stratigrafica dell'area nord-occidentale del Foro Romano come appare dai recenti interventi di scavo’, Arch. Med. 18 (1991), 43–200.

²⁷ The Colossus: C. Lega, ‘Il Colosso di Nerone’, Bull. Comm. 93 (1989–1990), 339–78; Meta Sudans: Leone, E., ‘Domus Aurea e Meta Sudans’, in Archeologia nel centro, 113–21Google Scholar; Panella, C., ‘La valle del Colosseo nell'antichità’, Bollettino di Archeologia 1–2 (1990), 35–88Google Scholar.

²⁸ Roma: continuità dall'antico: i Fori Imperiali nel progetto della città (1981), 103 provides a list of articles about the project published in the Italian and foreign press. See also Whitehouse, op. cit. (n. 2), Packer, op. cit. (n. 2).

²⁹ Lanciani, R. in Athenaeum 2920 (13 Oct. 1883)Google Scholar, reprinted in Notes from Rome (ed. Cubberley, A. L., 1988), 146–7Google Scholar.

³⁰ e.g. Benevolo, L., Roma: l'area archeologica centrale e la città moderna (1988)Google Scholar.

³¹ The project: Castagnoli, F., Tortorici, E. and Morselli, C., ‘Progetto per lo scavo di un settore dei Fori di Cesare e di Nerva’, in Archeologia nel centro, 245–71Google Scholar; the excavations: C. Morselli and E. Tortorici, ‘Area retrostante la Curia e la Basilica Emilia’, Bull.Comm. 91 (1986), 380–8; the results: Morselli, C. and Tortorici, E., Curia, Forum Iulium, Forum Transitorium (1989)Google Scholar; Tortorici, E., Argiletum: commercio speculazione edilizia e lotta politica dall'analisi topografica di un quartiere di Roma di età repubblicana (1991)Google Scholar.

³² Baldi, P. and Martines, G., ‘Domus Aurea, Terme di Traiano. Proposte per la conservazione’, in Archeologia nell centro, 478–86Google Scholar.

³³ Foro romano I and II; Il Foro Boario (1988).

³⁴ Wiseman, T. P., ‘Conspicui postes tectaque digna deo: the public image of aristocratic and imperial houses in the late Republic and early Empire’, in L'Urbs, 393–413. at 412Google Scholar.

³⁵ Stambaugh, J. E., The Ancient Roman City (1988)Google Scholar: for important syntheses on the city in general in Italian and French, see Gros, P. and Torelli, M., Storia dell'urbanistica: il mondo romano (1988), 61–126Google Scholar; Néraudau, P. and Duret, L., Urbanisme et métamorphoses de la Rome antique (1983)Google Scholar.

³⁶ Zanker, P., Augustus und die Macht der Bilder (1987)Google Scholar, translated as The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (1988), with Wallace-Hadrill, A., ‘Rome's cultural revolution’, JRS 79 (1989), 157–64Google Scholar. Note the importance of the visual dimension in recent work honouring R. Syme, and in particular the comments by Galsterer, H. in ‘A man, a book and a method: Sir Ronald Syme's Roman Revolution after fifty years’, in Raaflaub, K. A. and Toher, M. (eds), Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and his Principate (1990), 1–20, esp. 15Google Scholar; also Millar, F. and Segal, E. (eds), Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects (1983)Google Scholar.

³⁷ e.g. Hardie, P., Virgil's Aeneid: Cosmos and Imperium (1986)Google Scholar; Lefèvre, E., Das Bild-Programm des Apollo-Tempels auf dem Palatin (1989)Google Scholar, reviewed by P. Hardie, CR 40 (1990), 520; Feeney, D. C., The Gods in Epic (1991)Google Scholar.

³⁸ Castagnoli, F., Topografia di Roma antica (1980)Google Scholar; Coarelli, F., Guida archeologica Laterza: Roma (1981)Google Scholar.

³⁹ Rodriguez-Almeida, E., Forma urbis marmorea: aggiornamento generale (1980)Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ Lanciani, R. (ed. Cubberley, A. L.), Notes from Rome (1988)Google Scholar. See also Wiseman, T. P., Talking to Virgil (1992), 111–48Google Scholar on the excavations of the period.

⁴¹ Forma Urbis Romae, ed. Lanciani, R. (1990)Google Scholar.

⁴² Archeologia a Roma nelle fotografie di Thomas Ashby (1801–1030) (1989): Un inglese a Rome: la raccolta Parker nell'archivio fotografico comunale (1989).

⁴³ Hill, P., The Monuments of Rome as Coin Types (1989)Google Scholar.

⁴⁴ For other recent surveys, see the special number of Archeo, 48 (Feb. 1989)Google Scholar, entitled Roma: il futuro nel passato and Ginge, B., ‘Ancient Rome: a decade of discovery’, Archaeology 44 (Jan./Feb. 1991), 28–35Google Scholar. Recent archaeological work in the city is discussed in Bull. Comm. (which also contains very useful bibliographic summaries), the new journal Bolletino di Archeologia, and the publication of the annual ‘Archeologia Laziale’ conferences.

⁴⁵ Unfortunately this means largely excluding the problems of burial at Rome, for-which see recently Hopkins, K., Death and Renewal (1983), 201–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and von Hesberg, H. and Zanker, P., Römische Gräberstrassen (1987)Google Scholar, and the whole problem of the relation of the periphery or suburbium of Rome and the city itself, on which see, e.g., E. Champlin, ‘The suburbium of Rome’, AJAH 7 (1982), 97–117; Carandini, A., Schiavi in Italia (1988), 339–57Google Scholar; N. Purcell, ‘Tomb and suburb’, in von Hesberg and Zanker, op. cit., 25–41.

⁴⁶ On which see now Fraschetti, A., Roma e il principe (1990), 204–73Google Scholar, and the survey by Robinson, O. F., Ancient Rome: City Planning and Administration (1992)Google Scholar.

⁴⁷ Wood: see Meiggs, R., Trees and Timber in the Ancient Mediterranean World (1982)Google Scholar; marble: H. Dodge, ‘Ancient Roman marble studies: recent research’, JRA 4 (1991), 28–50; bricks: Steinby, E. M., ‘I senatori e l'industria laterizia urbana’, in Epigrafia e ordine senatorio (1982, 2 vols) i, 227–37;Google ScholarSteinby, E. M., ‘L'edilizia come industria pubblica e privata’, in Città e architettura, 219–21Google Scholar; Anderson, J. C., Roman Brick Stamps: the Thomas Ashby Collection in the American Academy at Rome (1991)Google Scholar. On building in general, see Martin, S., The Roman jurists and the Organisation of Private Building in the Late Republic and Early Empire, Collection Latomus CCIV (1989)Google Scholar.

⁴⁸ For which see the annual publications of the Archeologia Laziale conferences, and the occasional summaries in Archaeological Reports (most recently Cornell, T. J., ‘Rome and Latium Vetus’, Archaeological Reports (1985–1986), 123–33; at 125–6Google Scholar). A survey of work carried out in the late 1980s is currently in preparation by the same author.

⁴⁹ Summaries of recent work on Christian Rome occasionally appear in Rivista di Archeologia Cristiana.

⁵⁰ For recent surveys of the public art of imperial Rome, see Hannestad, N., Roman Art and Imperial Policy (1988)Google Scholar; Ramage, N. H. and Ramage, A., The Cambridge Illustrated History of Roman Art (1991)Google Scholar.

⁵¹ Polybius VI. 11.

⁵² Recent contributions to the debate include: Millar, F. G. B., ‘The political character of the classical Roman Republic’, JRS 74 (1984), 1–19;Google Scholaridem, ‘Politics, persuasion and the people before the Social War’, JRS 76 (1986), 1–11; Brunt, P. A., The Fall of the Roman Republic and Other Essays (1988), 382–442Google Scholar; North, J. A., ‘Democratic politics in Republican Rome’, Past and Present 126 (1990), 3–21,CrossRefGoogle Scholar esp. 13–15.

⁵³ Coarelli, Foro romano I and II.

⁵⁴ See Millar, F. G. B., ‘Political power in mid-Republican Rome: curia or comitia?’, JRS 79 (1989), 138–50Google Scholar.

⁵⁵ M. Bonnefond, ‘Espace, temps et idéologic: le sénat dans la cité romaine républicaine’, DdA III. 1 (1983), 37–44. On punishment in the Forum, see Hinard, F., ‘Spectacle des exécutions et espace urbain’, in L'Urbs 111–25, esp. 116–19Google Scholar. See also David, J.-M., ‘Du Comitium à la roche Tarpéienne. Sur quelques rituals d'exécution capitale sous la République, les règnes d'Auguste et de Tibère’, in Du châtiment dans la cité: supplices corporels et peine de mort dans la monde antique, Collection de l'École Française de Rome LXXIX (1984), 131–76Google Scholar. For executions in the amphitheatre, see now Coleman, K. M., ‘Fatal charades: Roman executions staged as mythological enactments’, JRS 80 (1990), 44–73Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ T. P. Wiseman, ‘Flavians on the Capitol’, AJAH 3 (1978), 163–75, at 169; idem, ‘Topography and rhetoric — the trial of Manlius’, Historia 28 (1979), 32–50, esp. 42–5.

⁵⁷ , Cicero, De Amicitia 96Google Scholar; Varro, , De Re Rustica I. 2.10Google Scholar.

⁵⁸ , Plutarch, Gaius Gracchus 5Google Scholar.

⁵⁹ Coarelli, Foro romano II, 130.

⁶⁰ Coarelli, Foro romano II, 157–8.

⁶¹ For the pozzetti, see Lugli, G., Roma antica (1946), 81–2Google Scholar.

⁶² Coarelli, Foro romano II, 125–31.

⁶³ Bonnefond, op. cit. (n. 55), 38.

⁶⁴ C. Gronne, ‘Ultime indagini al tempio dei Castori’, Arch. Laz. 8 (1987), 83–7.

⁶⁵ Coarelli, , Foro romano II, 166–89Google Scholar.

⁶⁶ Coarelli, , Foro romano II, 56Google Scholar.

⁶⁷ Coarelli, , Foro romano II, 196–9Google Scholar. Remains found under the Temple of Divus Julius were identified by Gamberini Mongenet with those of the Gradus Aurelii, but scepticism on this identification has been expressed by Carnabuci, op. cit. (n. 11), at 290–6.

⁶⁸ Bonnefond-Coudry, M., Le sénat de la république romaine (1989), 25–197, at 27Google Scholar.

⁶⁹ Gellius, Aulus, Noctes Atticae XIV. 7Google Scholar.

⁷⁰ Bonnefond-Coudry, op. cit. (n. 68), 137–60.

⁷¹ Bonnefond-Coudry, op. cit. (n. 68), 100–1.

⁷² Cicero, , In Catilinam I. 33;Google Scholar Bonnefond-Coudry, op. cit. (n. 68), 124.

⁷³ Cicero, , De Oratore II. 266–7Google Scholar; Millar, op. cit. (1986, n. 52), 1–2.

⁷⁴ M. Gaggiotti, ‘Atrium Regium-Basilica (Aemilia): una insospettata continuità storica e una chiave ideologica per la soluzione del problema dell'origine della basilica’, ARID 14 (1985), 53–80; Gaggiotti, M., ‘Plauto, Livio, la più antica “basilica” del foro romano e la politica edilizia degli Aemilii’, in Archeologia nel Centra, 56–65Google Scholar.

⁷⁵ Tortorici, op. cit. (n. 31).

⁷⁶ Steinby, E. M., ‘Il lato orientale del Foro’, Arch. Laz. 9 (1988), 32–6,Google Scholar and ‘Il lato orientale del Foro Romano’, Arctos 21 (1987), 139–84,Google Scholar usefully summarized and discussed for the English reader by Paterson, J. J. in ‘One of our basilicas is missing’, CA News 1 (1989), 12–14Google Scholar. For further discussion of the Aemilii and their activities in the Forum, see also Wiseman, T. P., ‘Rome and the resplendent Aemilii’, in Tria Lustra: Essays Presented to the Editor of LCM (1992), 181–92Google Scholar.

⁷⁷ Steinby, E. M. (ed.), ‘Lacus Juturnae 1982–3’, in Archeologia nel centro, 73–91Google Scholar.

⁷⁸ Cicero, Ad Att. IV. 16. 8. See also Wiseman, op. cit. (n. 76), 181–2, who argues that the two basilicas were those along the north and south (Basilica Julia) sides of the Forum.

⁷⁹ Wiseman, op. cit. (n. 76), 186–7.

⁸⁰ Varro, De L.L. VI. 64; Tortorici, op. cit. (n. 31), 64–6.

⁸¹ Carnabuci, op. cit. (n. 11), 280–7.

⁸² Morselli and Tortorici, op. cit. (1989, n. 31), 229.

⁸³ Coarelli, , Foro romano II, 233–7Google Scholar.

⁸⁴ Dio XLIV. 5; Tortorici, op. cit. (note 31).

⁸⁵ Coarelli, , Foro romano II, 237–57Google Scholar.

⁸⁶ Coarelli, , Foro romano II, 308–24Google Scholar.

⁸⁷ Coarelli, , Foro romano II, 258–308Google Scholar.

⁸⁸ Nedergaard, E., ‘Zur problematik der Augustusbögen auf dem Forum Romanum’, in Kaiser Augustus, 224–39Google Scholar. E. Nedergaard, ‘Nuove indagini sull'arco di Augusto nel Foro Romano’, Arch. Laz. 9 (1988), 37–43. See also F. S. Kleiner, ‘The study of Roman triumphal and honorary arches 50 years after Kähler’, JRA 2 (1989), 195–206. For arches as manifestations of a new language of power in the intensely competitive context of the late Republic and early Empire, see A. Wallace-Hadrill, ‘Roman arches and Greek honours: the language of power at Rome’, PCPS n.s. 36 (1990), 143–81, esp. 144–50.

⁸⁹ Dio LI. 19. E. Carnabuci, who generally takes a similar view to Nedergaard, points out, op. cit. (n. 11), 324, that Dio only says that the arch was decreed.

⁹⁰ Talbert, R. J. A., The Senate of Imperial Rome (1984), 113–21Google Scholar.

⁹¹ Coarelli, , Foro romano II, 320–2Google Scholar.

⁹² Coarelli, , Foro romano II, 165Google Scholar.

⁹³ For the ritual, see Künzl, E., Der römische Triumph. Siegesfeiern im antiken Rom (1988), 30–44Google Scholar.

⁹⁴ Coarelli, F., Il Foro Boario (1988), 365Google Scholar.

⁹⁵ Deniaux, E., ‘De l'ambitio à l'ambitus: les lieux de la propagande et de la corruption électorate à la fin de la république’, in L'Urbs, 279–304Google Scholar. See also Demougin, S., ‘Quo descendat in campo petitor: élections et électeurs à la fin de la République et au début de l'Empire’, in L'Urbs, 305–17, at 305–8Google Scholar.

⁹⁶ Lintott, A., ‘Electoral bribery in the Roman Republic’, JRS 80 (1990), 1–16Google Scholar.

⁹⁷ Demougin, op. cit. (n. 95), 314.

⁹⁸ Dio LVIII. 20; Millar, F., The Emperor in the Roman World (1977), 302Google Scholar.

⁹⁹ Pietilä-Castren, L., Magnificentia Publica: the Victory Monuments of the Roman Generals in the Era of the Punic Wars, Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum LXXXIV (1987), 154–8Google Scholar. An important new monograph on manubial temples is soon to be published by A. Ziolkowski.

¹⁰⁰ , Cicero, Pro Murena 24Google Scholar.

¹⁰¹ Varro, , De Re Rustica III. 5. 12Google Scholar.

¹⁰² J. S. Richardson, ‘The triumph of Metellus Scipio and the dramatic date of Varro's RR III’, CQ 33 (1983), 456–63; Linderski, J., however, in ‘The dramatic date of Varro, De Re Rustica III and the elections in 54’, Historia 34 (1985), 248–54,Google Scholar argues for 50 B.C.

¹⁰³ See note 10.

¹⁰⁴ e.g. Quilici, L., ‘Il Campo Marzio occidentale’, in Città e architettura, 59–86Google Scholar; La Rocca, E., La riva a mezzaluna (1984)Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁵ See note 22.

¹⁰⁶ Coarelli, F. et al. , L'area sacra di Largo Argentina (1981), 37–46Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁷ A. Ziolkowski, ‘Les temples A et C du Largo Argentina: quelques considérations’, MEFRA 98 (1986), 623–41.

¹⁰⁸ Coarelli, op. cit. (n. 33), 180–204.

¹⁰⁹ Wiseman, T. P., Gnomon 62 (1990), 730–4Google Scholar.

¹¹⁰ Ziolkowski, A., ‘Mummius' temple of Hercules Victor and the round temple on the Tiber’, Phoenix 42 (1988), 309–33,CrossRefGoogle Scholar esp. 328. The rivalry of Aemilianus and Mummius: see Astin, A. E., Scipio Aemilianus (1967), 120–1Google Scholar. For another view of this group of temples, see R. E. A. Palmer, ‘Cults of Hercules, Apollo Caelispex and Apollo Fortuna in and around the Roman cattle market’, JRA 3 (1990), 234–44.

¹¹¹ de'Spagnolis, M. Conticeilo, Il Tempio dei Dioscuri nel Circo Flaminio (1984), 33–43Google Scholar.

¹¹² M. Conticeilo de'Spagnolis, ‘Nuove osservazioni sull'area del Tempio dei Dioscuri in Circo Flaminio’, Bull. Comm. 91 (1986), 91–6.

¹¹³ Conticeilo de'Spagnolis, op. cit. (n. 111), 59ff.; see also Castagnoli, F., ‘Un nuovo documento per la topografia di Roma antica’, Studi Romani 33 (1985), 205–11;Google Scholar E. Rodriguez-Almeida, ‘Un frammento di una nuova pianta marmorea di Roma’, JRA 1 (1988), 120–31.

¹¹⁴ D. Manacorda, ‘Il tempio di Vulcano in Campo Martio’. DdA III. 8 (1990), 35–51.

¹¹⁵ Gleason, K. L., ‘The garden portico of Pompey the Great’, Expedition 32. 2 (1990), 4–13Google Scholar.

¹¹⁶ See Wiseman, T. P. in Barton, I. M. (ed.), Roman Public Buildings (1989), 151–4Google Scholar on the parallels between politics and theatre at Rome.

¹¹⁷ V. Jolivet, ‘Les jardins de Pompée: nouvelles hypothèses’, MEFRA 95 (1983), 115–38. For an interpretation of the groups of statuary within Pompey's complex, see Sauron, G., ‘Le complexe pompéien du Champ de Mars’, in L'Urbs 457–73Google Scholar; cf. Gros, P. and Sauron, G. in Kaiser Augustus, 51–4Google Scholar.

¹¹⁸ For the Saepta, see F. Castagnoli, ‘Influenze alessandrine nell'urbanistica della Roma augustea’, Riv. Fil. 109 (1981), 415–23.

¹¹⁹ Roddaz, J., Marcus Agrippa, Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome CCLIII (1984), 238–41Google Scholar.

¹²⁰ Coarelli, F., ‘Il Pantheon, l'apoteosi di Augusto e l'apoteosi di Romolo’, in Città e architettura, 41–6Google Scholar.

¹²¹ Roddaz, op. cit. (n. 119), 252–98; La Rocca, op. cit. (n. 104), 57–69. La Rocca, following F. Coarelli, ‘Il Campo Martio occidentale: storia e topografia’, MEFRA 89 (1977), 807–46 at 839, believes the Trigarium was an extensive racecourse, but the recent work by , Quilici (‘Il Campo Marzio occidentale’, in Città e architettura, 59–86)Google Scholar, who has identified several roads running across the supposed line of the Trigarium, has induced doubts. It must have been much smaller in extent. See the review by Wiseman, T. P. in Gnomon 59 (1987), 471–4,Google Scholar and Palmer, R. E. A., Studies of the Northern Campus Martius in Ancient Rome, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 80.2 (1990), 28–33Google Scholar.

¹²² For scepticism about the traditional identification, see B. Fischer, ‘Monumenta et ara honoris virtutisque causa: evidence of memorials for Roman civic heroes’, Bull. Comm. 88 (1982–1983), 51–86, esp. 73–6; M. T. Boatwright, ‘The “Ara Ditis-Ustrinum of Hadrian” in the Western Campus Martius and other problematic Roman ustrina’, AJA 89 (1985), 485–97; Boatwright, M. T., Hadrian and the City of Rome (1987), 218–30Google Scholar.

¹²³ La Rocca, op. cit. (n. 104), 87–100; Wiseman, op. cit. (n. 119), is sceptical: he suggests the monument may belong to Julius Caesar.

¹²⁴ Gros, P., ‘La fonction symbolique des édifices théâtraux dans le paysage urbain de la Rome augustéenne’, in L'Urbs, 319–46Google Scholar; Zanker, P., Power of Images, 144Google Scholar; For imperial legislation on the theatre, see E. Rawson, ‘Discrimina ordinum: the Lex Iulia Theatralis’, PBSR 55 (1987), 83–114.

¹²⁵ Coarelli, op. cit. (n. 121), at 840.

¹²⁶ La Rocca, E., ‘L'adesione senatoriale al “consensus”: i modi della propaganda augustea e tiberiana nei monumenti “in Circo Flaminio”’, in L'Urbs, 347–72Google Scholar.

¹²⁷ E. La Rocca, ‘Sculture frontonali del tempio di Apollo Sosiano: notizia preliminare’, Bull. Comm. 87 (1980–1981, pub. 1982), 57–73; idem, op. cit. (n. 17), 83ff.; La Rocca, E. and Viscogliosi, A. in Kaiser Augustus, 121–48Google Scholar.

¹²⁸ Gianfrotta, P. A., ‘Indagini nell'area del Porticus Philippi’, in Archeologia nel centro, 377–84Google Scholar; see also Castagnoli, F., ‘Porticus Philippi’, in Città e architettura, 99–104Google Scholar.

¹²⁹ For new work on the Theatre of Marcellus, see Cianfa, T. et al. , ‘Area archeologica del Teatro di Marcello e del Portico d'Ottavia’, in Archeologia eprogetto, 110–12Google Scholar; ‘Area archeologica del teatro di Marcello e del Portico d'Ottavia’, in Archeologia nel centro, 533–45Google Scholar; P. C. Rossetto, ‘Le maschere del teatro di Marcello’, Bull. Comm. 88 (1982/1983, pub. 1984), 7–50; L. Labianca and M. Petrecca, ‘Teatro di Marcello’, Bull. Comm. 91 (1986), 389–94.

¹³⁰ F. Castagnoli, ‘L'arco di Germanico’, Arch. Class. 36 (1984), 329–32.

¹³¹ Hornblower, S., Mausolus (1982), 223–73, esp. 253–61Google Scholar.

¹³² Millar, F., ‘State and subject: the impact of monarchy’, in Millar, F. and Segal, E. (eds), Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects (1983), 37–60, at 57–8Google Scholar.

¹³³ , Zanker, Power of Images, 72–7Google Scholar. See also von Hesberg, H. in Kaiser Augustus, 245–51Google Scholar.

¹³⁴ Res Gestae 12; Torelli, M., Typology and Structure of Roman Historical Reliefs (1982), 29Google Scholar.

¹³⁵ See Settis, S., ‘Die Ara Pacis’, in Kaiser Augustus, 400–26Google Scholar; Elsner, J., ‘Cult and sculpture: sacrifice in the Ara Pacis Augustae’, JRS 81 (1991), 50–61Google Scholar. On the problem in general: Wallace-Hadrill, A., ‘Rome's cultural revolution’, JRS 79 (1989), 157–69, esp. 162–3Google Scholar.

¹³⁶ NH XXXVI. 72–3. Excavations of the sundial: see Buchner, E., Die Sonnenühr des Augustus (1982)Google Scholar; Snodgrass, A., An Archaeology of Greece (1987), 27–34Google Scholar.

¹³⁷ Rakob, F., ‘Die Urbanisierung des nordlichen Marsfeldes: neues Forschungen im Areal des Horologium Augusti’, in L'Urbs, 687–712Google Scholar; Boatwright, M. T., Hadrian and the City of Rome (1987), 71Google Scholar.

¹³⁸ See Wallace-Hadrill, A., JRS 75 (1985), 246–7;Google ScholarWallace-Hadrill, A., ‘Time for Augustus: Ovid, Augustus and the Fasti’, in Whitby, M., Hardie, P. and Whitby, M. (eds), Homo Viator (1987), 221–30Google Scholar; Hardie, op. cit. (n. 37), 368–9. For more on the astrological aspects of Augustus’ programme, with reference to the Temple of Concord in the Forum, see B. A. Kellum, ‘The city adorned: programmatic display at the Aedes Concordiae Augustae’, in Raaflaub and Toher (eds), op. cit. (n. 36), 276–307.

¹³⁹ Nicolet, C., L'inventaire du monde (1988), esp. 28–30Google Scholar, with reviews by F. Millar, JRA 1 (1988), 137–41, and Purcell, N., JRS 80 (1990), 178–82Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁰ V. Jolivet, ‘Les cendres d'Auguste: note sur la topographie monumentale du Champ de Mars septentrional’, Arch. Laz. 9 (1988), 89–96, at 90.

¹⁴¹ Tortorici, op. cit. (n. 23).

¹⁴² Jolivet, op. cit. (n. 140). See also C. Buzzetti, ‘Ustrini imperiali a Montecitorio’, Bull. Comm. 89 (1984), 27–8.

¹⁴³ On the later history of the Campus, see Boarwright, op. cit. (n. 137), 37–40.

¹⁴⁴ Aristocratic competition: see, e.g., Harris, W. V., War and Imperialism in Republican Rome, 327–70 B.C. (1979), 17–34Google Scholar; Wiseman, T. P., ‘Competition and cooperation’, in Wiseman, T. P. (ed.), Roman Political Life: 90 BC–AD 69 (1985), 3–20Google Scholar. Patronage in the Late Republic: see, e.g., Brunt, op. cit. (n. 52); Wallace-Hadrill, A., ‘Patronage in Roman society: from Republic to Empire’, in Wallace-Hadrill, A. (ed.), Patronage in Ancient Society (1989), 63–87Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁵ Pliny, NH XXXVI. 110.

¹⁴⁶ Wiseman, op. cit. (n. 34), esp. 393–6.

¹⁴⁷ Vitruvius, De Arch. VI. 5; A. Wallace-Hadrill, ‘The social structure of the Roman house’, PBSR 56 (1988), 43–97.

¹⁴⁸ Coarelli, F., ‘Architettura sacra e architettura privata nella tarda Repubblica’, in Architecture et société, Collection de l'École Française de Rome LXVI (1983), 191–217Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁹ Broise, H. and Jolivet, V., ‘Récherches sur les jardins de Lucullus’, in L'Urbs, 747–61, at 758Google Scholar.

¹⁵⁰ For which see Carandini, A. in Cristofani, M. (ed.), La Grande Roma dei Tarquinii (1990), 96–9Google Scholar.

¹⁵¹ See Carandini, A., ‘Domus e horrea in Palatio’, in Schiavi in Italia (1988), 359–87Google Scholar, a revised version of ‘Domus et insulae sulla pendice settentrionale del Palatine’, Bull. Comm. 91 (1986), 263–78.

¹⁵² Carandini, op. cit. (n. 151), 378–9.

¹⁵³ Coarelli, F., Guida archeologica Laterza: Roma (1981), 91Google Scholar.

¹⁵⁴ , Asconius, In Scaurianam 27CGoogle Scholar.

¹⁵⁵ Pliny, NH XXXVI. 5–7.

¹⁵⁶ Vitruvius, , De Architectura VI. 3. 3Google Scholar.

¹⁵⁷ Coarelli, F., ‘La casa dell'aristocrazia romana secondo Vitruvio’, in Geertman, H. and De Jong, J. J., Munus non ingratum: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Vitruvius’ De Architectura and the Hellenistic and Republican Architecture (1989), 178–87Google Scholar.

¹⁵⁸ Foro Romano 1, 24–6.

¹⁵⁹ Carandini, op. cit. (n. 151), 360–73. Similar conclusions were reached by M. Royo in ‘Le quartier républicain du Palatin, nouvelles hypothèses de localisation’, REL 65 (1987), 89–114.

¹⁶⁰ Tamm, B., Auditorium and Palatium (1963), 28–43Google Scholar.

¹⁶¹ See below.

¹⁶² Panella, S., ‘Scavo nella platea del tempio di Venere e Roma’, in Archeologia nel centra, 106–112Google Scholar; Morricone, M. L., ‘Edificio sotto il tempio di Venere e Roma’, in Studi per Laura Breglia, Bollettino di Numismatica supplement IV (3 vols), iii (1987), 69–83Google Scholar.

¹⁶³ Carandini, op. cit. (n. 151), 359; D. Palombi, ‘Gli horrea della Via Sacra: dagli appunti di G. Boni ad una ipotesi su Nerone’, DdA III. 8 (1990), 53–72, at 67.

¹⁶⁴ For Carandini's own position, see op. cit. (n. 151), 371.

¹⁶⁵ Foro romano 1, 11–33.

¹⁶⁶ Castagnoli, F., ‘Ibam forte Via Sacra’, in Ricerche e discussioni, 99–114Google Scholar.

¹⁶⁷ A. Ziolkowski, ‘The Sacra Via and the temple of Jupiter Stator’, Op. Rom. 17 (1989), 225–39.

¹⁶⁸ J. Arce, R. Mar and F.-J. Sanchez-Palencia, ‘Monumento presso l'arco di Tito nel Foro Romano: campagna 1989’, Arch. Laz. 10 (1990), 43–51; for the Temple of Jupiter Propugnator, see Torelli, M., ‘Culto imperiale e spazi urbani in età flavia’, in L'Urbs 563–82, at 573–4Google Scholar.

¹⁶⁹ R. Santangeli Valenzani and R. Volpe, ‘Nova Via’, Bull. Comm. 93 (1989–1990), 23–31.

¹⁷⁰ , Cicero, De Domo 102Google Scholar; Ad Att. IV. 3.

¹⁷¹ Suetonius, De Gramm. 17; Aug. 72.

¹⁷² , Cicero, De Domo 114Google Scholar.

¹⁷³ P. Pensabene, ‘Scavi nell'area del Tempio della Vittoria e del Santuario della Magna Mater sul Palatino’, Arch. Laz. 9 (1988), 54–67, esp. 64–7.

¹⁷⁴ Carandini, op. cit. (n. 150), 97–9; A. Carandini, ‘Campagne di scavo delle pendici settentrionali (1985–88)’, Boll. Arch. 1–2 (1990), 159–65.

¹⁷⁵ Asconius, In Scaur. 27C; see , Zanker, Power of Images, 137Google Scholar. Vedius Pollio's house: see Pannella, C., ‘L'organizzazione degli spazi sulle pendici settentrionali del Colle Oppio tra Augusto e i Severi’, in L'Urbs 611–51Google Scholar; Zanker, P., ‘Drei Stadtbilder aus dem augusteischen Rom’, in L'Urbs, 475–89, esp. 477–83Google Scholar.

¹⁷⁶ Tacitus, , Annals III. 55Google Scholar.

¹⁷⁷ Guidobaldi, F., ‘L'edilizia abitativa unifamiliare nella Roma tardoantica’, in Giardina, A. (ed.), Società romana e impero tardoantico (4 vols, 1986), ii, 165–237,Google Scholar at 207; S. P. Ellis, ‘The end of the Roman house’, AJA 92 (1988), 565–76; Wallace-Hadrill, op. cit. (n. 147), 68, 90.

¹⁷⁸ Livy XLIV. 16. See Coarelli, , Fom romano II, 154–5Google Scholar.

¹⁷⁹ Millar, F., The Emperor and the Roman World (1977), 168Google Scholar, however, suggests that the traffic was not all one-way: houses in imperial possession could be sold or given away as gifts.

¹⁸⁰ See Liverani, P., ‘Le proprietà private nell'area Lateranense’, MEFRA 100 (1988), 891–915CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁸¹ Coarelli, F., Roma sepolta (1984), 157–65Google Scholar; L. La Follette, ‘Le terme Deciane sull'Aventino’, Arch. Laz. 7 (1985), 139–44.

¹⁸² Eck, W., ‘Die fistulae aquariae der Stadt Rom. Zum Einfluss des sozialen Status auf administratives Handeln’, in Epigrafia e ordine senatorio (2 vols, 1982) i, 197–225Google Scholar.

¹⁸³ Rodriguez-Almeida, E., ‘Le Esquiliae Patrizie e il Lacus Orphei’, in L'Urbs, 415–28, esp. 421–3Google Scholar.

¹⁸⁴ Sartorio, G. Pisani, ‘Una domus sotto il giardino del Pio Istituto Rivaldi sulla Velia’, in Città e architettura, 147–68Google Scholar.

¹⁸⁵ de'Spagnolis, M., ‘Una domus in Via Eleniana’, in Archeologia net centra, 337–44Google Scholar; M. de'Spagnolis Conticello and M. Bertinetti, ‘Via Eleniana’, Bull. Comm. 93 (1989/1990), 79–95.

¹⁸⁶ Vilucci, S., ‘Terme di Costantino’, in Archeologia nel centra, 357–9Google Scholar; E. Gatti and F. Scoppola, ‘Centro storico: interventi’, Bull. Comm. 90 (1985), 75–80, at 78; S. Vilucchi, ‘Le Terme di Costantino sul Quirinale e gli edifici privati di età precedente’, Bull. Comm. 91 (1986), 350–5.

¹⁸⁷ De Caprariis, F., ‘Le pendici settentrionali del Viminale ed il settore sud ovest del Quirinale’, in Ricerche e discussioni, 17–44Google Scholar.

¹⁸⁸ Coarelli, F., Roma sepolta (1984), 147–55Google Scholar; see also E. Rodriguez-Almeida, ‘Alcune notule topografiche sul Quirinale’, Bull. Comm. 91 (1986), 49–60.

¹⁸⁹ F. De. Caprariis, ‘Topografia archeologica dell'area del Palazzo del Viminale’, Bull. Comm. 92 (1987–1988), 109–26.

¹⁹⁰ See n. 181; Luciani, R. (ed.), Roma Sotterranea (1984), 85–9Google Scholar.

¹⁹¹ R. Quinto and P. di Manzano, ‘Area di S. Balbina’, Bull. Comm. 89 (1984), 68–81, at 80–1.

¹⁹² Candilio, D., ‘Terme di Diocleziano — Museo Nazionale Romano. Scavo nella platea nord-occidentale’, Archeologia nel centra, 525–32Google Scholar; Iacopi, I., ‘Esempi di stratificazione pittorica della domus sotto le Terme di Caracalla’, in Archeologia nel centra, 605–23Google Scholar. For remains found under the Baths of Constantine, see n. 186.

¹⁹³ C. Pavolini, ‘Indagini archeologiche a Piazza Celimontana (1984–7)’, Arch. Laz. 9 (1988), 97–104; A. Carignaniet al., ‘Nuovi dati sulla topografia del Celio: le ricerche nell'area dell'ospedale militare’, Arch. Laz. 10 (1990), 72–80; Carignani, A. et al. , ‘Gli dei della porta accanto’, Archeo 48 (Feb. 1989), 99–103;Google Scholar C. Pavolini, ‘Celio, Ospedale Militare: La Basilica Hilariana’, Boll. Arch. 1–2 (1990), 171–6.

¹⁹⁴ De Aqu. 87; see also H. B. Evans, ‘Nero's Arcus Caelimontani’, AJA 87 (1983), 392–9.

¹⁹⁵ Pannella, op. cit. (n. 175), at 616–17; Guidobaldi, op. cit. (n. 177), 218–19. For wide-ranging accounts of the housing conditions of the poor, see Scobie, A., ‘Slums, sanitation and mortality in the Roman world’, Klio 68 (1986), 399–433;CrossRefGoogle ScholarWhittaker, C. R., ‘Il povero’, in Giardina, A. (ed.), L'uomo romano (1989), 301–33Google Scholar.

¹⁹⁶ Pavolini, C., ‘Lo scavo di Piazza Celimontana. Un'indagine nel Caput Africae’, in L'Urbs, 653–85Google Scholar.

¹⁹⁷ Caronna, E. L., ‘Un complesso edilizio tra Via in Arcione, Via dei Maroniti e Vicolo dei Maroniti’, in Archeologia nel centra, 360–5Google Scholar.

¹⁹⁸ S. Ferdinandi, ‘Ambienti romani presso Piazza della Pilotta’, Arch. Laz. 10 (1990), 88–94; S. Ferdinandi, ‘Quirinale: Piazza della Pilotta. Ambienti sotto il chiostro dei Gesuiti’, Boll. Arch. 1–2 (1990), 180ff.

¹⁹⁹ Rakob, op. cit. (n. 137), 688–712, esp. 699–707.

²⁰⁰ See Rodriguez-Almeida, E., Forma Urbis Marmorea: aggiornamento generale 1980 (1981), 86Google Scholar; Stambaugh, op. cit. (n. 35), 168.

²⁰¹ F. Coarelli, ‘L'urbs e il suburbio’, in Giardina, op. cit. (n. 177), ii, 1–58.

²⁰² Pliny, Ep. VI. 19.

²⁰³ For the excavations around the Temple of Magna Mater, see the annual reports on the project by P. Pensabene in Arch. Laz. 1 (1978), 67–71; 2 (1979), 67–74; 3 (1980), 65–89; 4 (1981), 101–18; 5 (1983), 65–75; 6.(1984), 149–58; 7 (1985), 149–55; 9 (1988), 54–67. His ‘Area sud-occidentale del Palatino’, in Archeologia nel centra, 179–212Google Scholar, is perhaps the clearest overview of the project.

²⁰⁴ T. P. Wiseman, ‘The Temple of Victory on the Palatine’, Antiq. Journ. 61 (1981), 35–52 = Roman Studies (1987), 187–204Google Scholar, with addenda/corrigenda at 380–1; see also his ‘Democracy and myth: the life and death of Remus’, LCM 16. 8 (1991), 115–24, and P. Rehak, ‘The Ionic temple relief in the Capitoline: the temple of Victory on the Palatine?’, JRA 3 (1990), 172–86.

²⁰⁵ Pensabene in Cristofani, op. cit. (n. 150), 87.

²⁰⁶ Suet., Aug. 7; Dio LIII. 16.

²⁰⁷ For the hut of Romulus, see A. Balland, ‘La casa Romuli au Palatin et au Capitole’, REL 62 (1984, pub. 1986), 57–80, who also discusses the literary references to a hut of Romulus on the Capitol, occurring particularly during the decade between 30 and 20 B.C. Balland argues that greater emphasis is given to the Romulan associations of the Capitol in this period because Augustus' other initiatives in the city appeared to diminish the prestige of Jupiter Capitolinus: the importance attached to the Capitoline hut of Romulus can thus be seen as making up for its diminished prestige in other respects.

²⁰⁸ Wiseman, T. P., ‘Cybele, Virgil and Augustus’, in Woodman, T. and West, D. (eds), Poetry and Politics in the Age of Augustus (1984), 117–28Google Scholar.

²⁰⁹ Pensabene, op. cit. (n. 173).

²¹⁰ Carettoni, G., Das Haus des Augustus auf dem Palatin (1983)Google Scholar, a translation of ‘La decorazione pittorica della casa di Augusto sul Palatino’, Röm. Mitt. 90 (1983), 373–419, which, as the title suggests, deals primarily with wall-painting. For a recent discussion of the paintings in English, see Ling, R., Roman Painting (1991), 37ffGoogle Scholar.

²¹¹ Augustus 72.

²¹² Zanker, P., ‘Der Apollotempel auf dem Palatin: Ausstattung und politische Sinnbezüge nach der Schlacht von Actium’, in Cittä e architettura, 21–40; Power of Images, 67–8Google Scholar. See also Strazzulla, M. J., ‘Il principato di Apollo’, Studia Archeologica 57 (1990), 111–25Google Scholar.

²¹³ Wiseman, op. cit. (n. 34), esp. 403–6.

²¹⁴ Fraschetti, A., Roma e il principe (1990), 342–57Google Scholar; Feeney, op. cit. (n. 37), 215–17.

²¹⁵ D. L. Thompson, ‘The meetings of the Roman senate on the Palatine’, AJA 85 (1981), 335–9.

²¹⁶ Krause, C., Domus Tiberiana: nuove ricerche, studi di restauro (1985)Google Scholar; idem, ‘La Domus Tiberiana e il suo contesto urbano’, in L'Urbs, 781–98. Also Krause, C., ‘Domus Tiberiana: progetto di studio e di restauro’, in Archeologia nel centra, 158–69Google Scholar; Monaco, E., ‘Domus Tiberiana. Il versante nord occidentale’, in Archeologia nel centro, 170–5Google Scholar; M. A. Tomei et al., ‘Domus Tiberiana’, Bull. Comm. 91 (1986), 438–70.

²¹⁷ Wiseman, T. P., Death of an Emperor (1991), 105–10Google Scholar.

²¹⁸ Suet., Cal. 22.

²¹⁹ H. Hurst, ‘Nuovi scavi nell'area di Santa Maria Antiqua’, Arch. Laz. 9 (1988), 13–17. For a reconstruction based on Hurst's analysis, see Architecture and Archaeology: the Work of Sheila Gibson (1991), 26–7Google Scholar.

²²⁰ Dio LIX. 28. Wiseman, however, thinks that the reference here may be to the ramp leading up to the palace from the Temple of Vesta, op. cit. (n. 34), 407, and in JACT Review n.s. 1 (1987), 5Google Scholar. For a discussion of the whole problem, see Barrett, A. A., Caligula: the Corruption of Power (1989), 203ffCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²²¹ Carandini, op. cit. (n. 151), 386.

²²² Cima, M. and La Rocca, E., Le tranquille dimore degli Dei (1986), 3–35Google Scholar; Häuber, R. C., ‘Zur topographie der Horti Maecenatis und der Horti Lamiani auf dem Esquilin in Rom’, Kölner Jahrbuch 23 (1990), 11–107Google Scholar.

²²³ Horace, , Satires 1. 8Google Scholar; Mancioli, D., ‘Gli “horti” dell'antica Roma’, in Roma Capitale, 187–90Google Scholar. Albertoni, M., ‘La necropoli esquilina arcaica e repubblicana’, in Roma Capitale, 140–55Google Scholar, casts doubt on the conventional identification of the ‘reeking pits’ excavated by Lanciani in the nineteenth century with the puticuli of the ancient sources.

²²⁴ Rizzo, S. and Mancioli, D., ‘Gli “horti” dell'Esquilino’, in Roma Capitale, 195–203Google Scholar.

²²⁵ Roma Capitale, 13–98.

²²⁶ De Vos, M., ‘Funzione e decorazione dell'Auditorium di Mecenate’, in Roma Capitale, 231–48Google Scholar.

²²⁷ , Philo, Legatio ad Gaium, 351–2Google Scholar.

²²⁸ Cima and La Rocca, op. cit. (n. 222), reviewed by N. Purcell, JRA 1 (1988), 132.

²²⁹ Purcell, N., ‘Town in country and country in town’, in MacDougall, E. B. (ed.), Ancient Roman Villa Gardens (1987), 185–203Google Scholar; Fabbrini, L., ‘Domus Aurea: una nuova lettura planimetrica del palazzo sul Colle Oppio’, in Città e architettura, 169–84Google Scholar; Griffin, M. T., Nero:.the End of a Dynasty (1984), 133–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Voisin, J.-L., ‘“Exoriente sole” (Suétone, Nér. 6.). D'Alexandrie à la Domus Aurea’, in L'Urbs, 509–43Google Scholar stresses the Alexandrian models for the Golden House.

²³⁰ Baldi and Martines, op. cit. (n. 32).

²³¹ Panella, op. cit. (n. 27), 75–7.

²³² Leone, op. cit. (n. 27).

²³³ J. C. Anderson, ‘The date of the Thermae Traiani and the topography of the Oppius Mons’, AJA 89 (1985), 499–509.

²³⁴ Historia Augusta, Hadrian 19.

²³⁵ Lega, op. cit. (n. 27).

²³⁶ D'Elia, L. and Le Pera Buranelli, S., ‘Rilievo del peristilio inferiore della Domus Augustana’, in Archeologia nel centra, 176–8Google Scholar.

²³⁷ Wiseman, op. cit. (n. 34), 404.

²³⁸ I. Iacopi and M. A. Tomei, ‘Indagini al complesso Severiano sul Palatino’, Arch. Laz. 9 (1988), 69–76; see also I. Iacopi, M. A. Tomei and P. Meogrossi, ‘Complesso Severiano’, Bull. Comm. 91 (1986), 486–98.

²³⁹ G. Pisani Sartorio, P. Chini and D. Mancioli, ‘Indagini archeologiche nell'area dell Settizodio Severiano’, Arch. Laz. 8 (1987), 57–69; I. Iacopiet al., ‘II Settizodio’, Bull. Comm. 91 (1986), 498–562.

²⁴⁰ Preliminary work by Royo, M.: ‘Topographie ancienne et fouilles sur la Vigna Barberini (XIXe siëcle — debut XXe siècle)’, MEFRA 98 (1986), 707–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar; interim reports in MEFRA 99 (1987), 481–98; 100 (1988), 505–25; 101 (1989), 489–513; 102 (1990), 443–71. Overview of the project in Lenoir, M. et al. ‘Vigna Barberini’, Bull. Comm. 91 (1986), 507–14Google Scholar.

²⁴¹ J. C. Grenier and F. Coarelli, ‘La tombe d'Antinous à Rome’, MEFRA 98 (1986), 217–53.

²⁴² N. Hannestad, ‘Über das Grabmal des Antinoos: Topographische und thematische Studien im Canopus-Gebiet der Villa Adriana’, ARID 11 (1982), 69–108.

²⁴³ Boatwright, M. T., Hadrian and the City of Rome (1987), 239–60Google Scholar.

²⁴⁴ Bull. Comm. 91 (1986), 152, contra Rodriguez-Almeida, op. cit. (n. 39), 48–53.

²⁴⁵ Coarelli, F., ‘La situazione edilizia di Roma sotto Severo Alessandro’, in L'Urbs, 429–56, at 435–9Google Scholar.

²⁴⁶ See above, n. 31.

²⁴⁷ Livy XXVI. 27; XXVII. 11. The Macellum: see Anderson, J. C., The Historical Topography of the Imperial Fora, Collection Latomus CLXXXII (1984), 26–34Google Scholar; De Ruyt, C., Macellum (1983), 236–52Google Scholar.

²⁴⁸ Tortorici, op. cit. (n. 31), 44 contra, e.g., Anderson, op. cit. (n. 247), 33.

²⁴⁹ Ad Att. I. 14; Tortorici, op. cit. (n. 31), 66–7.

²⁵⁰ Ad Att. IV. 16; Tortorici, op. cit. (n. 31), 104.

²⁵¹ Tortorici, op. cit. (n. 31), 68ff.

²⁵² , Zanker, Power of images, 192–215Google Scholar.

²⁵³ S. Rinaldi Tufi, ‘Frammenti delle statue dei summi viri nel foro di Augusto’, DdA 11.3 (1981), 69–84; T. J. Luce, ‘Livy, Augustus and the Forum Augustum’, in Raaflaub and Toher, op. cit. (n. 36), 123–38.

²⁵⁴ Anderson, op. cit. (n. 247), 88–97; Bonnefond, M., ‘Transferts de functions et mutation idéologique: le Capitole et le Forum d'Auguste’, in L'Urbs, 251–78Google Scholar.

²⁵⁵ Bonnefond, op. cit. (n. 254), 262–70.

²⁵⁶ Suet., Aug. 56.

²⁵⁷ Vodret, A., ‘Foro di Augusto e Porticus Absidata: il progetto di consolidamento e restauro’, in Archeologia nel centro, 224–8Google Scholar; Bauer, H., ‘Ricerche sul muro perimetrale e sul portico del Foro di Augusto’, in Archeologia nel centro, 229–40Google Scholar. See also Bauer, H., ‘Nuove ricerche sul Foro di Augusto’, in L'Urbs, 763–70Google Scholar; V. Kockel, ‘Beobachtungen zum Tempel des Mars Ultor und zum Forum des Augustus’, Röm. Mitt. 90 (1983), 421–48; J. Ganzert, ‘Der Mars-Ultor-Tempel auf dem Augustusforum in Rom. Vorläufiger Arbeitsbericht’, Röm. Mitt. 92 (1985), 201–19; Ganzert, J. and Kockel, V. in Kaiser Augustus, 149–99Google Scholar.

²⁵⁸ Nota, M., ‘Il foro della pace: recenti rinvenimenti’, in Archeologia nel centro storico: apporti antichi e modemi di arte e cultura dal Foro della Pace (1986), 63–75Google Scholar. For the gardens of the Templum Pacis, see R. B. Lloyd, ‘Three monumental gardens on the marble plan’, AJA 86 (1982), 91–100.

²⁵⁹ Anderson, J. C., ‘Domitian's building-program: Forum Julium and Markets of Trajan’, Archaeological News 10 (1981), 41–8;Google Scholar Anderson, op. cit. (n. 247), 55–60; Amici, C. M., Il foro di Cesare (1991), 74Google Scholar.

²⁶⁰ Amici, C. M., Basilica Ulpia e bibliotheche (1982)Google Scholar, reviewed by J. Packer, AJA 87 (1983), 569–72; Anderson, op. cit. (n. 247), 141–77; La Regina, A. in Settis, S. (ed.), La colonna Traiana (1988), 5–44Google Scholar; Pensabene, P. et al. , ‘Foro Traiano: contributi per una ricostruzione storica e architettonica’, Archeologia Classica 41 (1989), 27–292,Google Scholar esp. the historical synthesis by M. Milella and P. Pensabene (33–54); and the review article by J. Packer ‘Trajan's Forum in 1989’, AJA 96 (1992), 151–62. Packer's The Forum of Trajan: a Study of the Monuments is forthcoming. On Trajan's Markets: Ungaro, L., ‘I mercati di Traiano: l'immagine del monumento’, in Archeologia e progetto, 80–92Google Scholar.

²⁶¹ M. Waelkens, ‘From a Phrygian quarry: the provenance of the statues of the Dacian prisoners in Trajan's Forum at Rome’, AJA 89 (1985), 641–53, discusses an almost completed statue of a Dacian in pavonazzetto, presumably intended for Trajan's Forum, discovered in Turkey.

²⁶² Aulus Gellius XIII. 25 tells us that under the statues of horses and representations of standards in Trajan's Forum were inscribed the words ‘ex manubiis’.

²⁶³ Settis, op. cit. (n. 260). In the same year, another re-examination of the reliefs on the Column was published (Lepper, F. and Frere, S. S., Trajan's Column (1988)Google Scholar); this, however, uses the Cichorius plates, originally published in 1896 from casts made in the 1860s. See reviews by Claridge, A., Antiquity 63 (1989), 627–8Google Scholar and J. Coulston, JRA 3 (1990), 290–309 for comparative discussion of the two books.

²⁶⁴ J. Packer, ‘A new excavation in Trajan's Forum’, AJA 187 (1983), 165–72.

²⁶⁵ Carandini, A., Medri, M. and Volpe, R., ‘Progetto per uno scavo nel Foro di Traiano’, in Archeologia nel centra, 272–99Google Scholar.

²⁶⁶ Settis, op. cit. (n. 260).

²⁶⁷ Boatwright, op. cit. (n. 137), 75–95.

²⁶⁸ Wiseman, T. P., JRS 75 (1985), 231Google Scholar.

²⁶⁹ See Wiseman, op. cit. (n. 268), 231 on this. The project presented by Carandini, Medri and Volpe for the Forum of Trajan envisages investigating the communications between the Imperial Fora, op. cit. (n. 265), 282–8.

²⁷⁰ Piranomonte, M. and Capodiferro, A., ‘Indagini intorno al Vicus ad Carinas’, Arch. Laz. 9 (1988), 82–9Google Scholar.

²⁷¹ J. C. Anderson, ‘Domitian, the Argiletum and the Temple of Peace’, AJA 86 (1982), 102–10; op. cit. (n. 247), 126–31. For the restructuring of this area in the Flavian period, see now Morselli and Tortorici, op. cit. (1989, n. 31), 237–41.

²⁷² Pensabene, op. cit. (n. 260), 88.

²⁷³ For a possible identification of Nero's Macellum Magnum, see A. Carignani et al., ‘Nuovi dati sulla topografia del Celio: le ricerche nell'area dell'ospedale militare’, Arch. Laz. 10 (1990), 72–80.

²⁷⁴ De Ruyt, op. cit. (n. 247), 336–7. For the changing pattern of commercial space, see Morel, J.-P., ‘La topographie de l'artisanat et du commerce dans la Rome antique’, in L'Urbs, 127–55Google Scholar; see also Wallace-Hadrill, A., ‘Elites and trade in the Roman town’, in Rich, J. and Wallace-Hadrill, A. (eds), City and Country in the Ancient World (1991), 241–72, at 262–3Google Scholar.

²⁷⁵ See Millar, F., The Emperor in the Roman World (1977), 368–75Google Scholar; Veyne, P., Bread and Circuses (1990)Google Scholar, a translation and abridgement of Le pain et le cirque (1976).

²⁷⁶ Suet., Cal. 37.

²⁷⁷ , Fronto, Principia Historiae 17Google Scholar.

²⁷⁸ See Ville, G., La gladiature en Occident (1981)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hopkins, K., Death and Renewal (1983), 1–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁷⁹ Coarelli, , Foro romano 11, 143Google Scholar.

²⁸⁰ Giuliani and Verduchi, op. cit. (n. 9), 52–66, with Wiseman, op. cit. (1990: n. 9), contra Coarelli, , Foro romano II, 222–30Google Scholar.

²⁸¹ Suet., Div. Jul. 44. 1. See Wiseman, op. cit. (n. 116), 152; op. cit. (n. 76), 188.

²⁸² Giuliani and Verduchi, op. cit. (n. 9), 58; Coarelli, , Foro romano 11, 224Google Scholar.

²⁸³ Res Gestae 22.

²⁸⁴ Dio LIV. 2.

²⁸⁵ Golvin, J.-C., L'amphitheatre romain (2 vols, 1988), i, 52–5,Google Scholar and K. Welch, ‘Roman amphitheatres revived’, JRA 4 (1990, 272–81.

²⁸⁶ Golvin, op. cit. (n. 285), 414; Scobie, A., ‘Spectator security and comfort at gladiatorial games’, Nikephoros 1 (1988), 191–243Google Scholar.

²⁸⁷ Ghini, G., ‘Prime indagini archeologiche’, in Reggiani, A. M. (ed.), Anfiteatro Flavio: immagini, testimonianze, spettacoli (1988), 100–5, esp. 104Google Scholar. See also R. Rea, ‘Anfiteatro Flavio’, Bull. Comm. 92 (1987–1988), 323–8.

²⁸⁸ Humphrey, J. H., Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing (1986), 56–294Google Scholar, reviewed by Wilson, R. J. A., JRS 77 (1987), 206–10Google Scholar.

²⁸⁹ Humphrey, op. cit. (n. 288), 73; Rossetto, P. Ciancio, ‘Circo Massimo’, in Archeologia nel centra, 213–23Google Scholar; P. Ciancio Rossetto, ‘Circo Massimo: il circo cesariano e l'arco di Tito’, Arch. Laz. 8 (1987), 39–46; P. Ciancio Rossetto, ‘Circo Massimo’, Bull. Comm. 91 (1986), 542–8.

²⁹⁰ Tacitus, Ann. xv. 38.

²⁹¹ Humphrey, op. cit. (n. 288), 110.

²⁹² Humphrey, op. cit. (n. 288), 74–83.

²⁹³ Humphrey, op. cit. (n. 288), 126, estimates the capacity of the Circus as 150,000; that of the Colosseum is estimated at around 50,000 by Golvin, op. cit. (n. 285), 287.

²⁹⁴ J. DeLaine, ‘Recent research on Roman baths’, JRA 1 (1988), 11–32, esp. 19–22 on the imperial thermae.

²⁹⁵ Nielsen, I., Thermae et balnea (1991, 2 vols) i, 43–4Google Scholar.

²⁹⁶ Baths of Agrippa: Coarelli, , Foro romano 1, 252;Google Scholar Thermae Alexandrinae: Ghini, op. cit. (n. 24).

²⁹⁷ Nielsen, op. cit. (n. 295), i, 58; DeLaine, op. cit. (n. 294), 27–9.

²⁹⁸ Suet., Titus. 8.

²⁹⁹ Nielsen, op. cit. (n. 295), i, 46.

³⁰⁰ Tacitus' distinction: Hist. 1, 4.

³⁰¹ See H. B. Evans, ‘Agrippa's water plan’, AJA 86 (1982), 401–11.

³⁰² Especially Bruun, C., The Water Supply of Ancient Rome, Commentationes humanarum litterarum XCIII (1991)Google Scholar, which provides a survey of recent work on the aqueducts of Rome in the first chapter. See also Bruun, C., ‘Statio aquarum’, in Steinby, E. M. (ed.), Lacus Juturnae (1989), 127–47Google Scholar.

³⁰³ e.g. Hodge, A. T., ‘Aqueducts’, in Barton, I. M. (ed.), Roman Public Buildings (1989), 127–49Google Scholar. A monograph on aqueducts by the same author is forthcoming. Other recent work: Trionfo dell'acqua: acque e acquedotti a Roma (1986); Wasserversorgung im antiken Rom (1983), an edition of Frontinus with useful introductory material.

³⁰⁴ Rickman, G., The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome (1980)Google Scholar; Virlouvet, C., Famines et émeutes à Rome des origines de la République à la mort de Néron (1985)Google Scholar; Herz, P., Studien zur römischen Wirtsgeschaftsgesetzgebung: die Lebensmittelversorgung, Historia Einzelschriften LV (1988)Google Scholar; Garnsey, P., Famine and Food-Supply in the Greco-Roman World (1988)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Galsterer, H., ‘Plebiculam pascere: Die Versorgung Roms in der Kaiserzeit’, Critica storica 27 (1990), 21–40Google Scholar.

³⁰⁵ Meneghini, R., ‘Scavo di Lungotevere Testaccio’, in Archeologia nel centra, 433–41Google Scholar; C. Mocchegiani Carpano and R. Meneghini, ‘Lungotevere Testaccio’, Bull. Comm. 90 (1985), 864–95; M. Incitti, R. Meneghini and C. Mocchegiani Carpano, ‘Lungotevere Testaccio’, Bull. Comm. 91 (1986), 560–95.

³⁰⁶ Étienne, R., ‘Extra Portam Trigeminam: espace politique et espace économique à l'Emporium de Rome’, in L'Urbs, 235–49Google Scholar.

³⁰⁷ La Regina in Settis, op. cit. (n. 260), 29–36.

³⁰⁸ Rodriguez-Almeida, E., Il Monte Testaccio (1984)Google Scholar; cf. D. J. Mattingly, ‘Oil for export? A comparison of Libyan, Spanish and Tunisian olive-oil products in the Roman empire’, JRA 1 (1988), 33–56, at 54–5.

³⁰⁹ Rickman, G., ‘Porticus Minucia’, in Città e architettura, 105–8, at 105Google Scholar.

³¹⁰ Rickman, op. cit. (n. 304), 250–2; op. cit. (n. 309).

³¹¹ Manacorda, op. cit. (1987, n. 10), 607–9; Manacorda and Zanini, op. cit. (n. 10), 27.

³¹² Rickman, op. cit. (n. 304), 192; Coarelli, op. cit. (n. 106), 35.

³¹³ Rickman, op. cit. (n. 304), 185–6.

³¹⁴ Virlouvet, C., ‘La topographie des distributions frumentaires avant la création de la Porticus Minucia’, in L'Urbs, 175–89Google Scholar. For the public corn distributions of the late second century B.C. as an alternative to aristocratic patronage, see Garnsey, op. cit. (n. 304), 197, 208–11.

³¹⁵ Hopkins, K., Conquerors and Slaves (1978), 74–96Google Scholar.

³¹⁶ Krautheimer, R., Three Christian Capitals (1983), 41–67Google Scholar.

³¹⁷ Aelius Aristides, Ad Romam 9 (trans. J. Oliver).