Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-7drxs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-19T20:43:46.621Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Extra-cranial Stereotactic Radiation Therapy (ESRT) in the treatment of inoperable stage 1 & 2 non-small-cell lung cancer patients with highly mobile tumours: a literature review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 November 2010

Emily W. Tooke  and
Benjamin Roe
Emily W. Tooke*
Affiliation:
Department of Allied Health Professions, School of Health and Social Care, Faculty of Health and Life Science, The University of the West of England, Glenside Campus, Blackberry Hill, Stapleton, Bristol, UK
Benjamin Roe
Affiliation:
Department of Allied Health Professions, School of Health and Social Care, Faculty of Health and Life Science, The University of the West of England, Glenside Campus, Blackberry Hill, Stapleton, Bristol, UK
*
Correspondence to: Emily Tooke, Beacon Centre Radiotherapy, Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton, Somerset TA1 5DA, UK. Email: emily.tooke@tst.nhs.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective: Extra-cranial Stereotactic Radiation Therapy (ESRT) techniques and equipment utilised in the treatment of Stage 1 or 2 inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC); accounting for Respiratory Induced Tumour Motion (RITM).

Methods: A narrative review of current world literature.

Results: Four main strategies are employed to address RITM: (1) tumour movement minimisation/immobilisation; (2) integration of respiratory movements into planning; (3) respiratory-gating techniques; and (iv) tumour-tracking techniques.

Discussion: Analysis of data gathered suggests that due to inherent difficulties with respiratory function, combined with co-morbidities and the level of dose escalation facilitated by ESRT: techniques that do not require patient ability to comply are more likely to be effective with a wider range of patients. Similarly, treatment planning must incorporate accurate four-dimensional (4D) data to ensure target coverage, although setup and verification should be controlled to smaller margins for error.

Conclusion: The disparate nature of reporting methods restricts statistical comparison. However, this paper suggests that the ESRT technique using abdominal compression (AC), free-breathing respiratory-gating (FBRG), 4D computed tomography (4DCT) planning, combined with daily on board kV cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging for setup and target verification, is a possible candidate for further treatment regime assessments in large multi-centre trials.

Keywords

ESRTNSCLCRadiotherapyrespiratory induced tumour motion
Type
Literature Review
Information
Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice , Volume 9 , Issue 4 , December 2010 , pp. 247 - 259
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Jassem, J. The role of radiotherapy in lung cancer: where is the evidence? Radiother Oncol 2007; 83: 203–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harsolia, A, Hugo, GD, Kestin, LL, Grills, IS, Yan, D. Dosimetric advantages of four-dimensional adaptive image-guided radiotherapy for lung tumours using online cone-beam computed tomography. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 70(2): 582–589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rietzel, E, Liu, AK, Doppke, KP, Wolfgang, JA, Chen, AB, Chen, GTY, Choi, NC. Design of 4D treatment planning target volumes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66(1): 287–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, C, Starkschall, G, Balter, P, Morice, RC, Stevens, CW, Chang, JY. Assessment of lung tumor motion and setup uncertainties using implanted fiducials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 67(3): 915–923.Google Scholar
Senan, S, Chapet, O, Lagerwaard, FJ, Ten Haken, RK. Defining target volumes for non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Semin Radiat Oncol 2004; 14(4): 308–314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lagerwaard, FJ, Haasbeek, CJA, Smit, EF, Slotman, BJ, Senan, S. Outcomes of risk-adapted fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 70(3): 685–692.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burnett, SSC, Sixel, KE, Cheung, PCF, Hoisal, JDP. A Study of tumour motion managements in the conformal radiotherapy of lung cancer. Radiother Oncol 2008; 86: 77–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haas, ML. Advances in radiation therapy for lung cancer. Semin Oncol Nurs 2008; 24(1): 34–40.Google Scholar
Bradley, J, Graham, MV, Winter, K, Purdy, JA, Komaki, R, Roa, WH, Ryu, JK, Bosch, W, Emami, B. Toxicity and outcome results of RTOG 9311: a Phase I–II dose escalation study using three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in patients with inoperable non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 61(2): 318–328.Google Scholar
Liu, HH, Balter, P, Tutt, T, Choi, B, Zhang, J, Wang, C, Chi, M, Luo, D, Pan, T, Hunjan, S, Starkschall, G, Rosen, I, Prado, K, Liao, Z, Chang, J, Komaki, R, Cox, JD, Mohan, R, Dong, L. Assessing respiration-induced tumour motion and internal target volume using four-dimensional computed tomography for radiotherapy of lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 68(2): 531–540.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolthaus, JWH, Schneider, C, Sonke, JJ, van Herk, M, Belderbos, JSA, Rossi, MMG, Lebesque, JV, Damen, EMF. Mid-ventilation CT scan construction from four-dimensional respiration-correlated CT scans for radiotherapy planning of lung cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 65(5): 1560–1571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradner, ED, Heron, D, Wu, A, Huq, S, Yue, NJ, Chen, H. Localising moving targets and organs using motion-managed CTs. Med Dosim 2005; 31(2): 134–140.Google Scholar
Fox, T, Simon, EL, Elder, E, Rifferburgh, RH, Johnstone, PAS. Free breathing gated delivery (FBGD) of lung radiation therapy: analysis of factors affecting clinical patient throughput. Lung Cancer 2007; 56(1): 69–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, AM, Siracuse, KM, Hayman, JA, Balter, JM. Evaluation of the influence of breathing on the movement and modelling of lung tumours. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 58(4): 1251–1257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, WT, Wu, X, Amendola, B, Perman, M, Han, H, Fayad, F, Garcia, S, Lewin, A, Abitbol, A, de la Zerda, A, Schwade, JG. Treatment of early non-small cell lung cancer, stage IA, by image-guided robotic stereotactic radioablation-Cyberknife. Cancer J 2007; 13(2): 87–94.Google ScholarPubMed
Baumann, P, Nyman, J, Lax, I, Friesland, S, Hoyer, M, Ericsson, SR, Johansson, KA, Ekberg, L, Morhed, E, Paludan, M, Wittgren, L, Blomgren, H, Lewensohn, R. Factors important for efficacy of stereotactic body radiotherapy of medically inoperable stage I lung cancer. A retrospective analysis of patients treated in the Nordic countries. Acta Oncol 2006; 45(7): 787–795.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timmerman, R, Galvin, J, Michalski, J, Straube, W, Ibbott, G, Martin, E, Abdulrahman, R, Swann, S, Fowler, J, Choy, H. Accreditation and quality assurance for Radiation Therapy Oncology Group: Multicenter clinical trials using Stereotactic Boby Radiation Therapy in lung cancer. Acta Oncol 2006; 45(7): 779–786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arizona State University, College of Nursing and Health Innovation. Clinical Question in PICO(T) format. Available at: http://nursing.asu.edu/caep/pico.atm, accessed 16 August 2007. Updated: http://nursingandhealth.asu.edu/evidence-based-practice/pico.htm, accessed 21 January 2010.Google Scholar
Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP): Making sense of the evidence, Qualitative Research Appraisal tool, Public Health Resource Unit [online]. Available online at: http://www.phru.nhs.uk/Pages/PHD/resources.htm. Accessed 10 October 2007.Google Scholar
Onimaru, R, Fujino, M, Yamazaki, K, Onodera, Y, Taguchi, H, Katoh, N, Hommura, F, Oizumi, S, Nishinura, M, Shirato, H. Steed dose-response relationship for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer using hypofractionated high-dose irradiation by real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 70(2): 374–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onishi, H, Kuriyama, K, Komiyama, T, Tanaka, S, Sano, N, Marino, K, Ikenaga, S, Araki, T, Uematsu, M. Clinical outcomes of stereotactic radiotherapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer using a novel irradiation technique: patient self-controlled breath-hold and beam switching using a combination of linear accelerator and CT scanner. Lung Cancer 2004; 45: 45–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Admiraal, MA, Schuring, D, Hurkmans, CW. Dose calculations accounting for breathing motion in stereotactic lung radiotherapy based on 4D-CT and the internal target volume. Radiother Oncol 2008; 86: 55–60.Google Scholar
Cai, J, Read, PW, Baisden, JM, Larner, JM, Benedict, SH, Sheng, K. Estimation of error in maximal intensity projection-based internal target volume of lung tumors: a simulation and comparison study using dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 69(1): 895–902.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casamassima, F, Cavedon, C, Francescon, P, Stancanello, J, Avanzo, M, Cora, S, Scalchi, P. Use of motion tracking in stereotactic body radiotherapy: evaluation of uncertainty in off-target dose distribution and optimization strategies. Acta Oncol 2006; 45(7): 943–947.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grills, IS, Fitch, DL, Goldstein, NS, Yan, D, Chmielewski, GW, Welsh, RJ, Kestin, LL. Clinicopathologic analysis of microscopic extension in lung adenocarcinoma: defining clinical target volume for radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 69(2): 334–341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guckenberger, M, Wilbert, J, Meyer, J, Baier, K, Richter, A, Flentje, M. Is a single respiratory correlated 4D-CT study sufficient for evaluation of breathing motion? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 67(5): 1352–1359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haasbeek, CJA, Lagerwaard, FJ, Cuijpers, JP, Slotman, BJ, Senan, S. Is adaptive treatment planning required for stereotactic radiotherapy of stage I Non-small-cell lung Cancer? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 67(5): 1370–1374.Google Scholar
Haasbeek, CJA, Spoelstra, FOB, Lagerwaard, FJ, van Sörnsen de Koste, JR, Cuijpers, JP, Slotman, BJ, Senan, S. Impact of audio-coaching on the position of lung tumours. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 71(4): 1118–1123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hugo, G, Vargas, C, Liang, J, Kestin, L, Wong, JW, Yan, D. Changes in the respiratory pattern during radiotherapy for cancer in the lung. Radiother Oncol 2006; 78: 326–331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Korreman, S, Mostafavi, H, Le, QT, Boyer, A. Comparison of respiratory surrogates for gated lung radiotherapy without internal fiducials. Acta Oncol 2006; 45(7): 935–942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maxim, PG, Loo, BW Jr, Sherazii, H, Thorndyke, Brian, Luxton, G, Le, Q-T. Quantification of motion of different thoracic locations using four-dimensional computed tomography: implications for radiotherapy planning. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 69(5): 1395–1401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mechalakos, J, Yorke, E, Mageras, GS, Hertanto, A, Jackson, A, Obeemea, C, Rosenzweig, K, Ling, CC. Dosimetric effect of respiratory motion in external beam radiotherapy of the lung, Radiother Oncol 2004; 71: 191–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramsey, CR, Langen, KM, Kupelian, PA, Scaperoth, DD, Meeks, SL, Mahan, SL, Seibert, RM. A technique for adaptive image-guided helical tomotherapy for lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 64(4): 1237–1244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slotman, BJ, Lagerwaard, FJ, Suresh, S. 4D imaging for target definition in stereotactic radiotherapy for lung cancer. Acta Oncol 2006; 45(7): 966–972.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takeda, A, Kunieda, E, Shigematsu, N, Hossain, DM, Kawase, T, Ohashi, T, Fukada, J, Kawaguchi, O, Uematsu, M, Takeda, T, Takemasa, K, Takahashi, T, Kubo, A. Small lung tumors: long-scan-time CT for planning of hypofractionated Stereotactic Radiation Therapy – Initial findings, Radiat Oncol 2005; 237: 295–300.Google ScholarPubMed
Underberg, RWM, Lagerwaard, FJ, Slotman, BJ, Cuijpers, JP, Senan, S. Benefit of respiration-gated stereotactic radiotherapy for stage I lung cancer: an analysis of 4DCT datasets. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 62(2): 554–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Der Weide, L, van Sörnsen de Koste, JR, Lagerwaard, FJ, Vincent, A, van Triest, B, Slotman, BJ, Senan, S. Analysis of carina position as surrogate marker for delivering phase-gated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 71(4): 1111–1117.Google Scholar
Wang, Z, Wu, J, Marks, LB, Larrier, N, Yin, FF. Cone-Beam CT localization of internal target volumes for stereotactic body radiotherapy of lung lesions. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 69(5): 1618–1624.Google Scholar
McGarry, RC, Papiez, L, Williams, M, Whitford, T, Timmerman, RD. Stereotactic body raduiation therapy of early stage non-small-cell lung carcinoma: phase 1 study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 63(4): 1010–1015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmermannn, FB, Geinitz, H, Schill, S, Thamm, R, Nieder, C, Schratzenstaller, U, Molls, M. Stereotactic hypofractionated radiotherapy in stage I (T1–2 N0 M0) non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Acta Oncol 2006; 45(7): 796–801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyman, J, Johansson, KA, Hultén, U. Stereotactic hypofractionated radiotherapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer – mature results for medically inoperable patients. Lung Cancer 2006; 51: 97–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onishi, H, Shirato, H, Nagata, Y, Hiraoka, M, Fujino, M, Gomi, K, Nübe, Y, Karasawa, K, Hayakama, K, Takai, T, Kimura, T, Takeda, A, Ouchi, A, Hareyama, M, Kokubo, M, Hara, R, Itami, J, Yamada, K, Araki, T. Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (Hypo FXSRT). J Thoracic Oncol 2007; 2(7):S3: 94–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinha, B & McGarry, RC. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for bilateral primary lung cancers: the Indiana university experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66(4): 1120–1124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beitler, JJ, Badne, EA, El-Sayah, D, Makara, D, Friscia, P, Silverman, P, Terjanian, T. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for nonmetastatic lung cancer: an analysis of 75 patients treated over 5 years. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 65(1): 100–106.Google Scholar
Guckenberger, M, Heilman, K, Wulf, J, Mueller, G, Beckmann, G, Flentje, M. Pulmonary injury and tumour response after stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT): results of a serial follow-up CT study. Radiother Oncol 2007; 85: 435–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nagata, Y, Takayama, K, Matsuo, Y, Norihisa, Y, Mizowaki, T, Sakamoto, T, Sakamoto, M, Mitsumori, M, Shibuya, K, Araki, N, Yano, S, Hiraoka, M. Clinical outcomes of a phase I/2 study of 48Gy of stereotactic body radiotherapy in 4 fractions for primary lung cancer using a stereotactic body frame. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005: 63(5): 1427–1431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wulf, J, Haedinger, U, Oppitz, U, Thiele, W, Mueller, G, Flentje, M. Stereotactic radiotherapy for primary lung cancer and pulmonary metastases: a non-invasive treatment approach in medically inoperable patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 60(1): 186–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmermann, FB, Geinitz, H, Schill, S, Groscu, A, Schratzenstaller, U, Molls, M, Jeremic, B. Stereotactic hypofractionated radiation therapy. Lung Cancer 2005; 48: 107–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aoki, T, Nagata, Y, Negoro, Y, Takayama, K, Mizowaki, T, Kokubo, M, Oya, N, Mitsumori, M, Hiraoka, M. Evaluation of lung injury after three-dimensional conformal stereotactic radiation therapy for solitary lung tumours: CT appearance. Radiology 2004; 230: 101–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kong, FM, Ten Haken, RK, Schipper, MJ, Sullivan, MA, Chen, M, Hayman, JA. High-dose radiation improved local tumour control and overall survival in patients with inoperable/unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer: long-term results of a radiation dose escalation study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 63(2): 324–333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nuyttens, JJ, Prévost, JB, Praag, J, Hoogeman, M, van Klaveren, RJ, Levendag, PC, Pattynama, PMT. Lung tumor tracking during stereotactic radiotherapy treatment with the CyberKnife: Marker placement and early results. Acta Oncol 2006; 45(7): 961–965.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoyer, M, Roed, H, Hansen, AT, Ohlhuis, L, Peterson, J, Nellemann, H, Berthelsen, AK, Grau, C, Engelholm, SA, von der Maase, H. Prospective study on stereotactic radiotherapy of limited-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66(4): S128–S135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koto, M, Takai, Y, Ogawa, Y, Matsusita, H, Takeda, K, Takahashi, C, Britton, KR, Jingu, K, Takai, K, Mitsuya, M, Nemoto, K, Yamada, S. A Phase 2 study on stereotactic body radiotherapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Radiother Oncol 2007; 85: 429–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, DY, Benedict, SH, Cardinale, RM, Chung, TD, Chang, MG, Schmidt-Ulrich, RK. Stereotactic body radiation therapy of lung tumors: preliminary experience using normal tissue complication probability-based dose limits. Am J Clin Oncol 2005; 28(6): 591–596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takeda, A, Kunieda, E, Takeda, T, Tanaka, M, Sanuki, N, Fujii, H, Shigematsu, N, Kubo, A. Possible misinterpretation of demarcated solid patterns of radiation fibrosis on CT scans as tumor recurrence in patients receiving hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 70(4): 1057–1065.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willoughby, TR, Forbes, AR, Buchholz, D, Langen, KM, Wagner, WH, Zeidan, OA, Kupelian, PA, Meks, SL. Evaluation of an infrared camera and X-ray system using implanted fiducials in patients with lung tumors for gated radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66(2): 568–575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wulf, J, Baier, K, Mueller, G, Flentje, MP. Dose-response in stereotactic irradiation of lung tumors. Radiother Oncol 2005; 77: 83–87.Google Scholar
Wurm, RE, Gum, F, Erbl, S, Schlenger, L, Sceffler, D, Agaoglu, D, Schild, R, Gebauer, B, Rogalia, P, Plotkin, M, Ocran, K, Badach, V. Image guided respiratory gated hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy (H-SBRT) for liver and lung tumors: initial experience. Acta Oncol 2006; 45(7): 881–889.Google Scholar
Xia, T, Li, H, Sun, Q, Wang, Y, Fan, N, Yu, Y, Li, P, Chang, JY. Promising clinical outcome of stereotactic body radiation therapy for patients with inoperable stage I/2 non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66(1): 117–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yousefi, S, Collins, BT, Reichner, CA, Anderson, ED, Jamis-Dow, C, Gagnon, G, Malik, S, Marshall, B, Chang, T, Banovac, F. Complications of thoracic computed tomography- Guided Fiducial placement for the purpose of stereotactic body radiation therapy. Clin Lung Cancer 2007; 8(4): 252–256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baisden, JM, Romney, DA, Reish, AG, Cai, J, Sheng, K, Jones, DR, Benedict, SH, Read, PW, Larner, JM. Dose as a function of lung volume and planned treatment volume in helical tomotherapy intensity-modulated radiation therapy-based stereotactic body radiation therapy for small lung tumours. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 68(4): 1229–1237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, J, Mageras, GS, Yorke, E, De Arruda, F, Sillanpaa, J, Rosenzweig, KE, Hertanto, A, Pham, H, Seppi, E, Pevsner, A, Ling, CC, Amols, H. Observation of interfractional variations in lung tumour position using respiratory gated and ungated megavoltage cone-beam computed tomography. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 67(5): 1548–1558.Google Scholar
Fuss, M, Salter, BJ, Rassiah, P, Cheek, D, Cavanaugh, SX, Herman, TS. Repositioning accuracy of a commercially available double-vacuum whole body immobilization system for stereotactic body radiation therapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2004; 3(1): 59–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodge, W, Tomé, WA, Jaradat, HA, Orton, NP, Khuntia, D, Traynor, A, Weigel, T, Mehta, MP. Feasibility report of image guided stereotactic body radiotherapy (IG-SBRT) with tomotherapy for early stage medically inoperable lung cancer using extreme hypofractionation. Acta Oncol 2006; 45(7): 890–896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guckenberger, M, Meyer, J, Wilbert, J, Baier, K, Mueller, G, Wulf, J, Flentje, M. Cone-beam CT based image-guidance for extracranial stereotactic radiotherapy of intrapulmonary tumours. Acta Oncol 2006; 45(7): 897–906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imura, M, Yamazaki, K, Shirato, H, Onimaru, R, Fujino, M, Shimizu, S, Harada, T, Ogura, S, Dosaka-Akita, H, Miyasaka, K, Nishimura, M. Insertion and fixation of fiducial markers for setup and tracking of lung tumours in radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 63(5): 1442–1447.Google Scholar
Kimura, T, Hirokawa, Y, Murakami, Y, Tsujimura, M, Nakashima, T, Ohno, Y, Kenjo, M, Kaneyasu, Y, Wadasaki, K, Ito, K. Reproducibility of organ position using voluntary breath-hold method with spirometer for extracranial stereotactic radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 80(4): 1307–1313.Google Scholar
Kontrisova, K, Stock, M, Dieckmann, K, Bogner, J, Pötter, R, Georg, D. Dosimetric comparison of stereotactic body radiotherapy in different respiration conditions: a modelling study. Radiother Oncol 2006; 81: 97–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korreman, SS, Juhler-Nøttrup, T, Boyer, AL. Respiratory gated beam delivery cannot facilitate margin reduction, unless combined with respiratory correlated guidance. Radiother Oncol 2008; 86: 61–68.Google Scholar
Koshani, R, Balter, JM, Hayman, JA, Henning, GT, van Herk, M. Short-term and long-term reproducibility of lung tumour position using active breathing control (ABC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 65(5): 1553–1559.Google Scholar
Lu, W, Parikh, PJ, Hubenschmidt, JP, Bradley, JD, Low, DA. A comparison between amplitude sorting and phase-angle sorting using external respiratory measurement for 4DCT. Med Phys 2006; 33(8): 2964–2974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohan, A, Singh, P, Singh, S, Goyal, A, Pathak, A, Mohan, C, Guleria, R. Quality of life in lung cancer patients: impact of baseline clinical profile and respiratory status. Eur J Cancer Care 2007; 16: 268–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neicu, T, Berbeco, R, Wolfgang, J, Jiang, SB. Synchronised moving aperture radiation therapy (SMART): improvement of breathing pattern reproducibility using respiratory coaching. Phys Med Biol 2006; 51: 617–636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nishioka, S, Nishioka, T, Kawahara, M, Tanaka, S, Hiromura, T, Tomita, K, Shirato, H. Exhale Fluctuation in respiratory-gated radiotherapy of the lung: a pitfall of respiratory gating shown in a synchronized internal/external marker recording study. Radiother Oncol 2008, 86: 69–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purdie, TG, Moseley, DJ, Bissonnette, JP, Sharpe, MB, Franks, K, Bezjak, A, Jaffray, DA. Respiration correlated cone-beam computed tomography and 4DCT for evaluating target motion in stereotactic lung radiation therapy. Acta Oncol 2006; 45(7): 915–922.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Purdie, TG, Bissonnette, JP, Franks, K, Bezjac, A, Payne, D, Sie, F, Sharpe, MB, Jaffray, DA. Cone-beam computed tomography for on-line image guidance of lung stereotactic radiotherapy: localization, verification, and interfraction tumour position. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 68(1): 243–252.Google Scholar
Strassmann, G, Braun, I, Kress, O, Richter, D, Neidel, HO, Klose, KJ, An, H, Vogel, B, Rose, F, Engenhart-Cabillic, R. Accuracy of single-session extracranial radiotherapy for simple shaped lung tumour or metastasis using fast 3-D CT treatment planning. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66(2): 576–582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underberg, RWM, Lagerwaard, FJ, Cuijpers, JP, Slotman, BJ, van Sornsen de Koste, JR, Senan, S. Four-dimensional CT scans for treatment planning in stereotactic radiotherapy for stage I lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 60(4): 1283–1290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underberg, RWM, Lagerwaard, FJ, van Tinteren, H, Cuijpers, JP, Slotman, BJ, Senan, S. Time trends in target volumes for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer after stereotactic radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 64(4): 1221–1228.Google Scholar
Nagata, Y, Matsuo, Y, Takayama, K, Norihisa, Y, Mizowaki, T, Mitsumori, M, Shibuya, T, Yano, S, Narita, Y, Hiraoka, M. Current status of stereotactic body radiotherapy for lung cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2007; 12: 3–7.Google Scholar
Wang, L, Feigenberg, S, Chen, L, Pasklev, K, Ma, CCM. Benefit of three-dimensional image-guided stereotactic localization in the hypofractionated treatment of lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66(3): 738–747.Google Scholar
Weiss, E, Wijesooriya, K, Dill, SV, Keall, PJ. Tumor and normal tissue motion in the thorax during respiration: analysis of volumetric and positional variations using 4DCT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 67(1): 296–307.Google Scholar
Senan, S, Lagerwaard, FJ. Current status of four-dimensional computed tomography for high-precision radiotherapy. Touch Briefings (July). Available at: www.touchbriefings.com/pdf/2789/Senan.pdf, accessed 12 September 2007.Google Scholar
Jiang, SB. Technical aspects of image-guided respiration-gated radiation therapy. Med Dosim 2006; 31(2): 141–151.Google Scholar
Mageras, GS, Mechalakos, J. Planning in the IGRT context: closing the loop. Semin Radiat Oncol 2007; 17: 268–277.Google Scholar
Meeks, SL, Tomé, WA, Willoughby, TR, Kupelian, PA, Wagner, TH, Buatti, JM, Bova, FJ. Optically guided patient positioning techniques. Semin Radiat Oncol 2005; 15: 192–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huntzinger, C, Munro, P, Johnson, S, Miettinen, M, Zankowski, C, Ahlstrom, G, Glettig, R, Filliberti, R, Kaissl, W, Kamber, M, Amstitz, M, Bouchet, L, Klebanov, D, Mostafavi, H, Stark, R. Dynamic targeting image-guided radiotherapy. Med Dosim 2006; 31(2): 113–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Senan, S, Lagerwaard, FJ. Current status of four-dimensional computed tomography for high-precision radiotherapy, Touch Briefings: July 2007. Available at: www.touchbriefings.com/pdf/2789/Senan.pdf, accessed 12 September 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keall, P, Vedam, S, George, R, Bartee, C, Siebers, J, Lerma, F, Weiss, E, Chung, T. The clinical implementation of respiratory-gated intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Med Dosim 2006; 31(2): 152–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Cancer Institute’s Common Toxicity Criteria. Available at: http://radiology.rsna.org/content/230/1/101/T4.expansion, accessed 22 January 2010.Google Scholar