Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-qxdb6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T21:17:05.883Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Ubiquitous Rise of Economists

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2008

John Markoff
Affiliation:
Sociology, University of Pittsburgh
Verónica Montecinos
Affiliation:
Sociology, Pennsylvania State University

Abstract

Professional economists have for a long time had significant roles as advisers to policy makers. In recent years they have gone well beyond this in many countries and have come to occupy the highest positions in government. While their technical knowledge is an important reason for their influx into governments, their acquisition of the highest positions of authority, we contend, is to an important degree a ceremonial display. The symbolic aspect of the appointment of high-level economist-politicians is as significant as any specific stock of knowledge they bring to political life and is a part of an emerging transnational political culture in which economists occupy a sacerdotal role.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abbott, A. (1988) The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alba, V. (1965) Alliance Without Allies: The Mythology of Progress in Latin America. New York: Frederick A. Praeger Publishers.Google Scholar
Allen, W. R. (1977) ‘Economics, Economists and Economic Policy: Modern American Experiences’, History of Political Economy, 9: 4888.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alt, J. E. and Chrystal, K. A. (1983) Political Economics. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ambirajan, S. (1981) ‘India: The Aftermath of Empire’, pp. 98132 in Coats, A. W. (ed), Economists in Government. An International Comparative Study. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Amsden, A. (1992) ‘Otiose Economics’, Social Research, 59: 781797.Google Scholar
Amsden, A. (1993) ‘From P.C. to E.C.’, New York Times, January 12.Google Scholar
Arrighi, G. (1990) ‘The Developmentalist Illusion: A Reconceptualization of the Semiperiphery’, pp. 1142 in Martin, G. W. (ed), Semiperipheral States in the World-Economy. New York, N.Y.: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Bagehot, W. (1963 [1867]) The English Constitution. London: Fontano/Collins.Google Scholar
Balcerowicz, L. (1993) ‘Political Economy of Economic Reform: Poland, 1989–1992’, paper presented at conference on The Political Economy of Policy Reform. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Barber, W. J. (1981) ‘The United States: Economists in a Pluralistic Polity’, pp. 175209 in Coats, A. W. (ed), Economists in Government. An International Comparative Study. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Barry, N. P. (1987) The New Right. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Baum, R. C. and Marx, J. (1988) ‘On the Commercialization of American Medicine: A Sociological Perspective’, mimeo.Google Scholar
Becker, G. (1986) ‘The Economic Approach to Human Behavior’, pp. 108122 in Elster, J. (ed), Rational Choice. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Bell, D. and Kristol, I. (eds) (1981) The Crisis in Economic Theory. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Bergh, T. (1981) ‘Norway: The Powerful Servants’, pp. 136–40 in Coats, A. W. (ed), Economists in Government. An International Comparative Study. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Bernstein, M. A. (1989) ‘American Economic Expertise From the Great War to the Cold War: Some Initial Observations’, paper presented to the 1989 meetings of the Social Science History Association.Google Scholar
Bledstein, B. J. (1976) The Culture of Professionalism. The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Blondel, J. and Müller-Rommel, F. (1988) Cabinets in Western Europe. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohlen, C. (1992) ‘Russian Economist Takes on Critics’, New York Times, December 3: A6.Google Scholar
Boli-Bennett, J. E. (1976) ‘The Expansion of Nation States, 1870–1970’, Ph.D. dissertation. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.Google Scholar
Boskin, M. J. (1988) ‘Observations on the Use of Textbooks in Teaching of Principles of Economics’, Journal of Economic Education, 19: 157164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boulding, K. E. (1969) ‘Economics as a Moral Science’, American Economic Review, 59: 112.Google Scholar
Brittan, Samuel (1973) Is There an Economic Consensus? An Attitude Survey. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Brooke, James (1992) ‘New Brazilian Chief's Choice for Finance Job Ignites Furor’, New York Times, Oct. 3, 1992, pp. 1, 3.Google Scholar
Brown, H. P. (1980) ‘The Radical Reflections of an Applied Economist’, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Quarterly Review, No. 132, pp. 315.Google Scholar
Buchanan, J. M. and Wagner, R. E. (1977) Democracy in Deficit: The Political Legacy of Lord Keynes. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Buchanan, J. et al. . (1978) The Economics of Politics. Lancing, West Sussex, England: The Institute of Economic Affairs.Google Scholar
Bulmer, S. and Wessel, W. (1987) The European Council. Decision-Making in European Politics. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Cairncross, A. (1981) ‘Academics and Policy Makers’, pp. 522 in Cairncross, Frances, ed., Changing Perception of Economic Policy. Essays in Honor of the Seventieth Birthday of Sir Alec Cairncross. London and New York: Methuen.Google Scholar
Cairncross, A. (1985) ‘Economics in Theory and Practice’, American Economic Review, 75: 114.Google Scholar
Camp, R. A. (1977) The Role of Economists in Policy Making. A Comparative Case Study of Mexico and the United States. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Coats, A. W. (1981a) Economists in Government. An International Comparative Study. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Coats, A. W. (1981b) ‘Britain: The Rise of the Specialists’, pp. 2766 in Coats, A. W. (ed), Economists in Government. An International Comparative Study. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Coats, A. W. (1981c) ‘Conclusions’, pp. 343354 in Coats, A. W. (ed), Economists in Government. An International Comparative Study. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Coats, A. W. (1989) ‘Economic Ideas and Economists in Government: Accomplishments and Frustrations’, pp. 109118 in Colander, David C. and Coats, A. W., The Spread of Economic Ideas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coats, A. W. (1992) ‘Changing perceptions of American Graduate Education in Economics, 1953–1991’, Journal of Economic Education, 23: 341352.Google Scholar
Colander, D. and Brenner, R. (1992) Educating Economists. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colander, D. and Klamer, A. (1987) ‘The Making of an Economist’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1: 95111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, J. S. (1990) Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Coleman, J. S. and Fararo, T. J. (1992) Rational Choice Theory: Advocacy and Critique. Newbury Park, C.A.: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Conaghan, C. (1988) ‘Capitalists, Technocrats and Politicians: Economic Policy Making and Democracy in the Central Andes’, Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, Working Paper #109.Google Scholar
Daland, R. (1967) Brazilian Planning: Development, Politics and Administration. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
DiMaggio, P. J. and Powell, W. W. (1983) ‘The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields’, American Sociological Review, 48: 147160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downs, A. (1957) An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Draper, T. (1993) ‘The End of Czechoslovakia’, New York Review of Books 60 (January 28): 2026.Google Scholar
Enthoven, A. C. (1963) ‘Defense and Disarmament. Economic Analysis in the Department of Defense’, American Economic Review, 53: 413423.Google Scholar
Erlanger, S. (1993) ‘Russian Reformer Picked as the Finance Minister’, New York Times, March 27: A5.Google Scholar
Espinal, R. (1990) ‘The Right and the New Right in Latin America’, paper presented at the conference on ‘The Right in Latin American Democracies’, Columbia University, April 20–21.Google Scholar
Feinberg, R. (1992) ‘Latin America: Back on the Screen’, International Economic Insights.Google Scholar
Ferraresi, F. and Ferrari, G. (1981) ‘Italy: Economists in a Weak Political System’, pp. 271317 in Coats, A. W. (ed), Economists in Government. An International Comparative Study. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Fiorina, M. (1975) ‘Formal Models in Political Science’, American Journal of Political Science, 19: 133159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, R. (1980) ‘The Evolution of Medical Uncertainty’, Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 58: 149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foxley, A. (1983) Latin American Experiments in Neoconservative Economics. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frey, B. S. et al. (1983) ‘Consensus, Dissension and Ideology Among Economists in Various European Countries and in the United States’, European Economic Review, 23: 5969.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, L. S. (1991) ‘Economists and Public Policy Programs’, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 10: 343357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, T. L. (1992) ‘Clinton Economic Session Yields Clear Goals, but Solutions Clash’, New York Times, December 16: 1.Google Scholar
Galbraith, J. K. (1971) Economics, Peace and Laughter. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.Google Scholar
Giles, B. D. (1979) ‘Economists in Government: The Case of Malawi’, Journal of Development Studies, 15: 216232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, C. (1988) ‘The Heterogeneity of the Economists' Discourse’, pp. 204220 in Klamer, A., McCloskey, D. and Solow, R., eds., The Consequences of Economic Rhetoric. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Griffith-Jones, S. (1984) International Finance and Latin America. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Greenhouse, S. ‘Greenspan Sees Risks Globally’, New York Times, October 14, 1992, p. C1.Google Scholar
Guthrie, W. (1987) ‘The Roles of Intellectual Pedigrees in Economic Science’, The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 46(1): 4760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggard, S. (1986) ‘The Politics of Adjustment: Lessons from the IMF's Extended Fund Facility’, in Kahler, Miles (ed), The Politics of International Debt. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, P. A. (ed) (1989) The Political Power of Economic Ideas. Keynesianism Across Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamlin, A. P. (1986) Ethics, Economics and the State. Brighton, Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books.Google Scholar
Hansen, W. L. (1991) ‘Policy Research: A Withering Branch of Economics?’, pp. 187204 in Weimer, D. L. (ed), Policy Analysis and Economics. Developments, Tensions and Prospects. Boston, M. A.: Academic Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, D. (1975) ‘Property, Authority and the Criminal Law’, pp. 1764 in Hay, D. et al. , Albion's Fatal Tree. Crime and Society in Eighteenth Century England. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Heilbroner, R. (1992) ‘History's Lessons’, Social Research, 59: 689703.Google Scholar
Heilbroner, R. L. and Thurow, L. C. (1981) Five Economic Challenges. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Heller, W. W. (1966) New Dimensions of Political Economy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, D. (1986) Innocence and Design. The Influence of Economic Ideas on Policy. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hibbs, D. A. Jr and Fassbender, H. (eds) (1981) Contemporary Political Economy: Studies on the Interdependence of Politics and Economics. New York: North-Holland.Google Scholar
Hirschleifer, J. (1985) ‘The Expanding Domain of Economics’, American Economic Review, 75: 5368.Google Scholar
Hodkinson, S. and Whitehead, D. J. (eds) (1986) Economics Education Research and Development Issues. Papers presented at the International Research Seminar held at the University of London Institute of Education, July–August 1985. London and New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Holcombe, R. (1985) An Economic Analysis of Democracy. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Hutchison, T. W. (1977) Knowledge and Ignorance in Economics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Illich, I. (1976) Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Jefferson, T. (1816 [1903]) ‘Letter to Samuel Kercheval’, in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson Washington, D.C.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association.Google Scholar
Kahler, M. (1992) ‘External Influence, Conditionality and the Politics of Adjustment’, pp. 89136 in Haggard, S. and Kaufman, R. R. (eds) The Politics of Economic Adjustment. International Constraints, Distributive Conflicts and the State. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaysen, C. (1968) ‘Model-Makers and Decision-Makers: Economists and the Policy Process’, The Public Interest: 8095.Google Scholar
Kemenes, E. (1981) ‘Hungary: Economists in a Socialist Planning System’, pp. 242261 in Coats, A. W. (ed), Economists in Government. An International Comparative Study. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Kelley, M. (1993) ‘President's Early Troubles Rooted in Party's Old Strains’, New York Times, February 2, 1993.Google Scholar
Killick, T. (1984) ‘The Impact of Fund Stabilization Programmes’, pp. 227269 in Killick, T. (ed), The Quest for Economic Stabilization. The IMF and the Third World. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Klamer, A. and Colander, D. (1990) The Making of an Economist. Boulder, C.O.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Kleiman, E. (1981) ‘Israel: Economists in a New State’, pp. 210241 in Coats, A. W. (ed), Economists in Government. An International Comparative Study. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Kloten, N. (1989) ‘Germany’, pp. 4772 in Pechman, J. A. (ed), The Role of the Economist in Government. An International Perspective. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.Google Scholar
Leube, K. R. and Moore, T. G. (eds) (1986) The Essence of Stigler. Stanford, C.A.: Hoover Institution Press.Google Scholar
Levinson, J. and de Onis, J. (1970) The Alliance That Lost Its Way: A Critical Report on the Alliance for Progress. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.Google Scholar
Linz, J. J. (1978) The Breakdown of Democratic Regions, Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Lutz, M. A. and Lux, K. (1988) Humanistic Economics. New York: Bootstrap Press.Google Scholar
Majone, G. (1989) Evidence, Argument and Persuasion in the Policy Process. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Malloy, J. M. (1989) ‘Policy Analysts, Public Policy and Regime Structure in Latin America’, Governance, 2: 315338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manuel, F. E. (1965) ‘Towards a Psychological History of Utopias’, Daedalus, 94: 293322.Google Scholar
Martins, C. E. (1974) Tecnocracia e Capitalismo: A Politica dos Tecnicos no Brasil. São Paulo: Editora Brasilense.Google Scholar
Massey, A. (1993) Managing the Public Sector. A Comparative Analysis of the United Kingdom and the United States. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
de Mattos, C. (1979) ‘Plan Versus Planning in Latin American Experience’, CEPAL Review, 8: 7590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKenzie, R. and Tullock, G. (1978) Modem Political Economy. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
McKenzie, R. and Tullock, G. (1981) The New World of Economics. Exploration into the Human Experience. Homewood, II: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.Google Scholar
McKinlay, J. B. and McKinlay, S. J. (1977) ‘Medical Measures and the Decline of Mortality in the United States in the Twentieth Century’, Milbank Fund Quarterly: 405428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mesa-Lago, C. (1989) ‘Cuba's Economic Counterreform (Rectification): Causes, Policies and Effects’, Journal of Communist Studies, 5: 98139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, J. W. and Rowan, B. (1977) ‘Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony’, American Journal of Sociology, 83: 340363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montecinos, V. (1988) Economics and Power: Chilean Economists in Government, 1958–1985. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Montecinos, V. (1990) ‘Economists and Democratic Transition. The Quest for Governability in Chile’, in Ethier, D. (ed), Democratic Transition and Consolidation in Southern Europe, Latin America and Southeast Asia. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Montecinos, V. (forthcoming) ‘Economic Policy Elites and Democratic Consolidation’, Studies in Comparative International Development.Google Scholar
Montecinos, V. and Markoff, J. (forthcoming) ‘Democrats and Technocrats: Professional Economists and Regime Transitions in Latin America’, Canadian Journal of Development Studies.Google Scholar
Mueller, D. C. (1989) Public Choice II. A Revised Edition of Public Choice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nasar, S. (1992) ‘An Unorthodox Choice for Economic Advisor’, New York Times, December 12: 9.Google Scholar
Nelson, R. H. (1987) ‘The Economics Profession and the Making of Public Policy’, Journal of Economic Literature, 25: 4991.Google Scholar
Nelson, J. (1989) Fragile Coalitions: The Politics of Economic Adjustment. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books.Google Scholar
Nettl, J. P. and Robertson, R. (1968) International Systems and the Modernization of Societies. The Formation of National Goals and Attitudes. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Norton, H. S. (1975) The World of the Economist. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, G. (1973) Modernization and Bureaucratic Authoritarianism. Studies in South American Politics. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, G. (1981) ‘Las Fuerzas Armadas y el Estado Autoritario del Cono Sur de América Latina’, pp. 199235 in Lechner, N. (ed), Estado y Política en América Latina. Mexico: Siglo Veintiuno.Google Scholar
Panebianco, A. (1988) Political Parties: Organization and Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pechman, J. A. (1975) ‘Making Economic Policy: The Role of the Economist’, pp. 2378 in Polsby, N. W. (ed), Handbook of Political Science. Reading, M.A.: Addison Wesley.Google Scholar
Pechman, J. A. (ed) (1989) The Role of the Economist in Government. An International Perspective. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.Google Scholar
Peters, B. G. (1989) The Politics of Bureaucracy. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Petridis, A. (1981) ‘Australia: Economists in a Federal System’, pp. 6797 in Coats, A. W. (ed), Economists in Government. An International Comparative Study. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Piñera, J. (1991) ‘Political Economy of Chilean Reform’, International Economic Insights, 4, 1991: 69.Google Scholar
Public Administration Review (1977) 37: 631685.Google Scholar
Public Administration Review (1978) 38: 105150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radnitzky, G. and Bernholz, P. (eds) (1987) Economic Imperialism. The Economic Method Applied Ouside the Field of Economics. New York: Paragon House.Google Scholar
Remmer, K. L. (1986) ‘The Politics of Economic Stabilization. IMF Standby Programs in Latin America, 1954–1984’, Comparative Politics, 19: 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhoads, S. E. (1978) ‘Economists and Policy Analysis’, Public Administration Review, 38: 112120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riker, W. (1973) An Introduction to Positive Political Theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.Y.: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Robertson, R. (1990) ‘Globality, Global Culture and Images of World Order’, in Hufterkamp, H. and Smelser, N. (eds), Modernity and Social Change. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rose, R. (1971) ‘The Making of Cabinet Ministers’, British Journal of Political Science, 1: 393414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, R. (1987) ‘Steering the Ship of State: One Tiller but Two Pairs of Hands’, British Journal of Political Science, 17: 409433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, R. (1989) ‘Political Economy and Public Policy: The Problems of Joint Appraisal’, pp. 147156, Samuels, Warren J., Fundamentals of the Economic Role of Government. New York: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Rose, R. and Peters, G. (1978) Can Government Go Bankrupt? New York: Basic Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen, George (1985) Western Economists and Eastern Societies. Agents of Change in South Asia, 1950–1970. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, D. E. (1992) ‘Clinton Leads Experts in Discussion of Economy’, New York Times, December 15: 1.Google Scholar
Ryan, A. (1989) ‘Distrusting Economics’, New York Review of Books, 36 (May 18): 2527.Google Scholar
Schemann, S. (1992) ‘Gaidar Goes to Moscow (and Yeltsin Pays Heed)’, New York Times, June 2: A6.Google Scholar
Scott, W. R. (1992) Organizations: Rational, Natural and Open Systems. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1992.Google Scholar
Seidel, H. (1989) ‘Austria’, in Pechman, J. A. (ed), The Role of the Economist in Government. An International Perspective. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.Google Scholar
Selden, A. (ed) (1985) The ‘New Right’ Enlightenment. The Spectre that Haunts the Left. Sussex: Economic and Literary Books.Google Scholar
Sen, A. (1987) On Ethics and Economics. Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Swedberg, R. (1990) Economics and Sociology. Redefining Their Boundaries: Conversations with Economists and Sociologists. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thurow, L. C. (1984) Dangerous Currents: The State of Economics. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Triffin, R. (1988) ‘An Economist's Career: What? Why? How?’, pp. 137156 in Kregel, J. A. (ed), Recollections of Eminent Economists. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uchitelle, L. (1992) ‘Clinton's Economic Point Man’, New York Times, November 21.Google Scholar
Wallich, H. C. (1968) ‘The American Council of Economic Advisers and the German Sachverstaendigenrat: A Study in the Economics of Advice’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 82: 349379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, M. (1946) ‘Politics as a Vocation’, in Gerth, H. H. and Mills, C. W. (eds), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Weber, M. (1968a) Economy and Society (edited by Roth, G. and Wittich, C.). New York: Bedminster Press.Google Scholar
Weber, M. (1968b) ‘Parliament and Government in a Reconstructed Germany. (A Contribution to the Critique of Official and Party Politics)’, in Weber, M., Economy and Society (edited by G. Roth and C. Wittich). New York: Bedminster Press.Google Scholar
Weitman, S. R. (1973) ‘National Flags: A Sociological Overview’, Semiotica, 8: 328367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whyner, D. K. (ed) (1984) What is Political Economy? Eight Perspectives. Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Williamson, J. (1993) ‘In Search of a Manual for Technopols’. Paper prepared for conference on the Political Economy of Policy Reform. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Woolley, J. T. (1984) Monetary Politics. The Federal Reserve and the Politics of Monetary Supply. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wynia, G. (1972) Politics and Planners: Economic Development Policy in Central America. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar