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The Origins and Development of Executive Branch Czars
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 August 2013
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Notes
1. The formal title for Montgomery was the Director for Recovery of Auto Communities and Workers.
2. Tami Luhby, “Obama Taps Czar to Help Autoworkers,” CNN Money, 30 March 2009, at http://money.cnn.com/2009/03/30/news/economy/recovery_director/index.htm (accessed 7 February 2010).
3. Executive Order 13509 74 FR 30903 (23 June 2009).
4. James P. Pfiffner, “Presidential Use of White House ‘Czars.’” Testimony Before the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, U.S. Congress, 22 October 2009, 1. http://www.hsgac.senate.gov/ (accessed 13 May 2012).
5. Examples of dual appointments include: Paul V. McNutt, who served as director of the Office of Defense Health and Welfare Services and administrator of the Federal Security Agency under Franklin D. Roosevelt. John Connally, who served as chair of the Cost of Living Council and secretary of treasury under Richard Nixon.
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57. Barack Obama, “Statement by the President on H.R. 1473,” White House Website, 15 April 2011. Available from http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/04/15/statement-president-hr-1473.
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69. U.S. Constitution, Art. II, sec. 2.
70. United States v. Maurice, 26 Fed. Cas. 1211, 1214 (C.C. Va. 1823).
71. Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 126, footnote 162 (1976).
72. United States v. Hartwell, 73 U.S. (6 Wall.) 385, 393 (1867).
73. 99 U.S. 508, 511–12.
74. 424 U.S. 1, 126.
75. Office of Legal Counsel, “Officers of the United States Within the Meaning of the Appointments Clause,” 16 April 2007, at http://www.justice.gov/olc/2007/appointmentsclausev10.pdf (accessed 11 May 2012), 4.
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77. Ibid., 12.
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88. 92 Stat. 2445 (1978).
89. U.S. Constitution, Art. I, sec. 1.
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94. 85 Stat. 38 (1971).
95. 64 Stat. 419 (1950); 3 U.S.C. § 301 (2006).
96. See Executive Order 11592, 36 FR 8555 (6 May 1971).
97. 1971 Pub. Papers 1024 (7 October 1971). See also Kosters, Controls and Inflation, 18; and Weber, Arnold R., In Pursuit of Price Stability: The Wage-Price Freeze of 1971 (Washington, D.C., 1973), 23.Google Scholar
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103. Executive Order 13503, 74 FR 8139 (19 February 2009).
104. John Cornyn, Statement at Hearing, “Examining the History and Legality of Executive Branch ‘Czars,’” 6 October 2009, 2, http://judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/10-06-09%20Cornyn%20testimony.pdf (accessed 11 May 2012).
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