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The Fiscal Side of Social Policy: State Building, Payroll Contributions, and Pension Reform in 1960s Canada

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 September 2017

Daniel Béland  and
Michal Koreh
Daniel Béland
Affiliation:
University of Saskatchewan
Michal Koreh
Affiliation:
University of Haifa
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Information
Journal of Policy History , Volume 29 , Issue 4 , October 2017 , pp. 594 - 613
Copyright
Copyright © Donald Critchlow and Cambridge University Press 2017 

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Footnotes

The authors thank Tanya Andrusieczko, Pierre-Marc Daigneault, Rachel Hatcher, Christopher Howard, Olivier Jacques, Kimberly Morgan, John Myles, and the anonymous reviewers of JPH for their comments on previous drafts of this article. Daniel Béland also acknowledges support from the Canada Research Chairs Program.

References

NOTES

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10. Kvist and Sinfield, Comparing Tax Routes

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13. Steinmo, Taxation and Democracy; Campbell and Morgan, “Financing the Welfare”; Martin, Mehrotra, and Prasad, “The Thunder of History.”

14. Shalev, Michael, “The Social Democratic Model and Beyond: Two Generations of Comparative Research on the Welfare State,” Comparative Social Research 6, no. 3 (1983): 315–551Google Scholar; Esping-Andersen, Gøsta and Korpi, Walter, “From Poor Relief to Institutional Welfare States: The Development of Scandinavian Social Policy,” International Journal of Sociology 16, nos. 3/4 (1986): 39–74;Google Scholar Korpi, Walter, “Power, Politics, and State Autonomy in the Development of Social Citizenship: Social Rights During Sickness in Eighteen OECD Countries Since 1930,” American Sociological Review 54, no. 3 (1989): 309–28Google Scholar.

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19. Ibid.

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24. Musgrave and Musgrave, Public Finance in Theory and Practice; Estévez-Abe, “The Forgotten Link”; Philip Manow, “Social Protection, Capitalist Production: The Bismarckian Welfare State and the German Political Economy from the 1880s to the 1990s” (Ph.D. diss., Konstanz University, 2001); Niemela, Heikki and Salminen, Kari, Social Security in Finland (Helsinki, 2006)Google Scholar; Kangas, Olli E., “Pensions and Pension Funds in the Making of a Nation-State and a National Economy: The Case of Finland,” in Financing Social Policy: Mobilizing Resources for Social Development, ed. Hujo, Katja and McClanahan, Shea (New York, 2009), 246–63Google Scholar; Park, Gene, Spending Without Taxation: FILP and the Politics of Public Finance in Japan (Palo Alto, 2011)Google Scholar.

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29. Wiseman, Michael and Yčas, Martynas, “The Canadian Safety Net for the Elderly,” Social Security Bulletin 68, no. 2 (2008): 53–67Google Scholar.

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31. Bryden, Old Age Pensions and Policy-Making in Canada.

32. Ibid., 123.

33. Leff, “Taxing the ‘Forgotten Man.’”

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36. Bryden, Old Age Pensions, 124.

37. Béland, Daniel and Lecours, André, Nationalism and Social Policy: The Politics of Territorial Solidarity (Oxford, 2008)Google Scholar.

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41. See, e.g., Brooks, Stephen and Brian Tanguay, A., “Quebec’s Caisse de Depot et Placement: Tool of Nationalism?” Canadian Public Administration 28 (1985): 99–119Google Scholar; Rouzier, Ralph, La Caisse de Dépôt et Placement du Québec, Portrait d’une institution d’intérêt général, 1965–2000 (Paris, 2008)Google Scholar.

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45. Babich and Béland, “Policy Change and the Politics of Ideas.”

46. Extremely intense in the mid-1960s, this type of discussion between Ottawa and the provinces was famously described by political scientist Richard Simeon as “federal-provincial diplomacy” in a classic 1972 book that used this expression as its very title: Simeon, Federal-Provincial Diplomacy.

47. Jacobs, Governing for the Long Term, 139–42.

48. Thompson, Jean Lesage and the Quiet Revolution, 188.

49. Jacobs, Governing for the Long Term, 144.

50. On the development of economic nationalism in Quebec, see Bourque, Gilles L., Le modèle québécois de développement: De l’émergence au renouvellement (Montreal, 2000)Google Scholar.

51. Bryden, Old Age Pensions.

52. Babich and Béland, “Policy Change and the Politics of Ideas.”

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55. For an overview of the contemporary demographic challenges facing Quebec, see Marier, Patrik, ed., Le vieillissement de la population et les politiques publiques: Enjeux d’ici et d’ailleurs (Quebec City, 2012)Google Scholar. For a critical discussion of the financial returns of the Caisse de dépôt over time, see Hanin, Frédéric, La Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec à l’ épreuve de la financiarisation (Quebec City, 2016)Google Scholar.

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57. Tamagno, Edward, A Tale of Two Pension Plans: The Differing Fortunes of the Canada and Quebec Pension Plans (Ottawa, 2008)Google Scholar; Béland, Daniel, “The Politics of the Canada Pension Plan: Private Pensions and Federal-Provincial Parallelism,” in How Ottawa Spends, 2013–2014—The Harper Government: Mid-Term Blues and Long-Term Plans, ed. Bruce Doern, G. and Stoney, Christopher (Montreal, 2013), 76–87Google Scholar.

58. Government, Quebec, A Stronger Retirement Income System: Meeting the Expectations of Quebecers of Every Generation (Quebec City, 2011)Google Scholar. As for the gradual increase of the CPP replacement rate from 25 to 33.3 percent Ottawa and most of the provinces agreed upon in June 2016, as this article goes to print, it is not certain yet whether the Quebec government plans to replicate it for QPP.

59. Koreh, “The Political Economy of Social Insurance.”

60. Kangas, “Pensions and Pension Funds in the Making of a Nation-State and a National Economy,” 246–63; Niemela and Salminen, Social Security in Finland.

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63. Manow, Social Protection, Capitalist Production.

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