Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T10:14:40.443Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A constructed (un)reality on China's re-entry into Africa: the Chinese online community perception of Africa (2006–2008)*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

Simon Shen*
Affiliation:
Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

Abstract

China's 21st-century re-entry into Africa has been made with considerable new fanfare and in a manner that contrasts sharply with the Maoist ideologist policy of the 1960s. However, how the Chinese perceive Africa, as expressed by the online community, has been little studied. In a country where full democracy and complete freedom of expression are still lacking, online communication arguably plays a particularly significant role. When it comes to topics in China which are not frequently addressed in the public domain, the flow of information among the online community is paramount in shaping public perceptions. The result of systematic qualitative research on the online community in China, this paper aims to bridge the gap between formal studies of Sino-African relations and online perceptions. Reconstructing the online image of Africa is essential in understanding not only contemporary Sino-African relations from the popular perspective but also the distorted nature of information that circulates in Chinese cyberspace.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

The author acknowledges the South China Programme of the Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, for supporting the primary research of this article. The author also acknowledges Mr Jacky Fung and Mr Wilson Chan for their assistance in the primary research.

References

REFERENCES

Alden, C. 2005. ‘China in Africa’, Survival 47, 3: 147–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, B. 2005. ‘Imaging the Homeland: the internet and diasporic discourse of nationalism’, Journal of Communication Inquiry 29, 4: 336–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, M. S. & Mulvenon, J. C.. 2002. You've Got Dissent! Chinese dissident use of internet and Beijing's counter-strategies. Santa Monica: RAND.Google Scholar
China Daily, Beijing. 2006. ‘Premier's Africa tour to strengthen relations’, 16 June.Google Scholar
China Daily. 2007. ‘African tour highlights relations’, 12 February.Google Scholar
Christensen, T. 1999. ‘Pride, pressure and politics: the roots of China's worldview’, in Deng, Yong & Wang, Fei-Ling, eds. In the Eyes of the Dragon: China views the world. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 239–56.Google Scholar
CNNIC. 2008. Statistical Survey Report on the Internet Development in China, Beijing: CNNIC. Available at: http://www.cnnic.cn/uploadfiles/pdf/2008/2/29/104126.pdf.Google Scholar
Delanty, G. & Rumford, C. 2005. Rethinking Europe: social theory and the implications of Europeanization. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dikötter, F. 1992. The Discourse of Race in Modern China. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Downs, E. 2004. ‘The Chinese energy security debate’, The China Quarterly 177: 2141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downs, E. 2007. ‘The fact and the friction of Sino-African energy relations’, China Security 3, 3: 4268.Google Scholar
Foot, R. 2001. ‘Chinese power and the idea of a responsible state’, The China Journal 45: 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, J. Y. 1984. ‘China and Africa: the development of relations over many centuries’, African Affairs 83, 331: 241–50.Google Scholar
Goldstein, A., , N. Pinaud, Reisen, H. & Chen, Xiaobao. 2006. The Rise of China and India: what's in for Africa? Paris: OCED Development Centre Studies.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gries, P. H. 2005. ‘Chinese nationalism: challenging the States?’, Current History 104, 638: 251–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, C. 2005. ‘Interpreting nationalist texts: a post-structural approach’, Journal of Contemporary China 14, 43: 247–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Energy Agency (IEA). 2007. ‘WEO 2007 Fact Sheet – China’, World Energy Outlook 2007, available at: http://www.iea.org/textbase/publications/free_new_Desc.asp?PUBS_ID=1987.html, accessed 10.12.2008.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. F. 1995. ‘China's third-world foreign policy: the case of Angola and Mozambique’, in The China Quarterly 142: 388422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanteigne, M. 2007. ‘China's energy security and Eurasian diplomacy: the case of Turkmenistan’, Politics 27, 3: 147–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Large, D. 2008. ‘Beyond dragon in the bush: the study of China-African relations’, African Affairs 107, 426: 4561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, G. J. 2005. ‘All-weather friends in need and indeed: China-Africa relations seen from the eyes of a Chinese diplomat’, African Renaissance July/August.Google Scholar
Liu, S. D. 2006. ‘China's popular nationalism on the internet: report on the 2005 Anti-Japan network struggles’, Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 7, 1: 144–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorenz, A. 2005. ‘A technocrat riding a wild tiger’, Der Spiegel 10 November.Google Scholar
Luo, J. B. 2006. ‘Advancing China's multilateral diplomacy in Africa’, Contemporary International Relations 16, 12: 1125.Google Scholar
Muekalia, D. J. 2004. ‘Africa and China's strategic partnership’, African Security Review 13, 1: 511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nathan, A. J. & Ross, R. S.. 1997. The Great Wall and the Empty Fortress: China's search for security. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
People's Daily, Beijing. 2007. ‘Interview of PRC's Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi’, 24 December.Google Scholar
Porpora, D. 1993. ‘Cultural rules and material relations’, Sociological Theory 11, 2: 212–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PRC Economic and Commercial Counsellor's Office (ECCO). 2003. ‘Implications from the Lebanese merchants in Sierra Leone to China’, 14 April.Google Scholar
PRC Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (MOFTEC). 2005. ‘The situation, problems and solutions about Nigeria's fishery products’, 29 March.Google Scholar
Qiu, J. 2003. ‘The Internet in China: data and issues’, working paper for the Annenberg Research Seminar on International Communication, available at: http://arnic.info/Papers/JQ_China_and_Internet.pdf,html, accessed 18.6.2008.Google Scholar
Said, E. 1979. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Sautman, B. & Yan, H. R. 2007. ‘Friends and interests: China's distinctive links with Africa’, African Studies Review 50, 3: 75113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, S. 2008. ‘Alternative online Chinese nationalism: response to the anti-Japanese campaign in China on Hong Kong's internet’, Intercultural Communication Studies 17, 3: 172–86.Google Scholar
Shi, H. T. 2004. ‘Zhongguo Nengyuan Anquan De Qianzai Weixie: Guodu Yilai Maliujia Haixia’ (Latent threat against China's energy security: dependent on the Malacca Strait), available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2004-06/15/content_1526222.html, accessed on 17.7.2008.Google Scholar
Shinn, D. H. 2007. ‘Africa, China, the United States, and oil’, African Policy Forum, available at: http://forums.csis.org/africa/?p=34,html, accessed 7.12.2008.Google Scholar
Snow, P. 1988. The Star Raft: China's encounter with Africa. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.Google Scholar
Taubman, G. 1998. ‘A not-so World Wide Web: the internet, China and the challenges to non-democratic rule’, Political Communication 15: 255–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, I. 2006a. China and Africa: engagement and compromise. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Taylor, I. 2006b. ‘China's oil diplomacy in Africa’, International Affairs 82, 5: 937–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todorov, T. 1982. The Conquest of America. New York: Harper Perennial.Google Scholar
van Ness, P. 1993. ‘China as a Third-World state: foreign policy and official national identity’, in Ditttmer, L. & Kim, S., eds. China's Quest for National Identity. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 194214.Google Scholar
Warschauer, M. 2000. ‘Language, identity, and the internet’, in Kolko, B., Nakamura, L. & Rodman, G., eds. Race in Cyberspace. New York: Routledge, 151–70.Google Scholar
Wendt, A. 1992. ‘Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power politics’, International Organization 46, 2: 391425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wendt, A. 1999. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, W. Z. 2007. ‘Beijing summit promotes Sino-African relations’, Contemporary International Relations 17, 1: 72–9.Google Scholar
Yang, G. B. 2003. ‘The internet and civil society in China: a preliminary assessment’, Journal of Contemporary China 12, 36: 453–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Y. P. 2005. ‘On new international environment and the formulation of China's African strategy’, West Africa and Asia, January, 1925.Google Scholar
Zhao, Y. Z. 2003. ‘Falun Gong, identity, and the struggle over meaning inside and outside China’, in Couldry, N. & Curran, J., eds. Contesting Media Power. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 209–27.Google Scholar
Zhou, M. 2007. ‘The 2005 anti-Japanese demonstration in China: the rise of popular nationalism’, in Chinese Papers Collection Online of University Service Centre for China Studies, Hong Kong: University Service Centre for China Studies, available at: http://www.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/wk_wzdetails.asp?id=6212.Google Scholar

Forum/blog messages

163 Easyweb Forum (163, Wangyi Luntan). <http://bbs.163.com.html>, accessed 1.8.2008.,+accessed+1.8.2008.>Google Scholar
African Blog (AB, Feizhou Buluo Wang). <http://www.africaren.com.html>, accessed 1.8.2008.,+accessed+1.8.2008.>Google Scholar
Community of Iron and Blood (CIB, Tiexue Shequ). <http://bbs.tiexue.net.html>, accessed 1.8.2008.,+accessed+1.8.2008.>Google Scholar
Go Go Web (GGW, Liuliu Wang). <http://www.guolv66.com.html>, accessed 1.8.2008.,+accessed+1.8.2008.>Google Scholar
Message ID 534, 2006. ‘Feizhou Fenghui’ (The African summit), Blog Buxu Lianxiang (No Associative Thinking), 2 November. <http://www.wangxiaofeng.net/?p=534.html>..>Google Scholar
Message ID 708, 2007. ‘Xifeiyouji Feizhouren Yinxiang’ (Journey to West Africa: impression of the Africans), GGW, 18 September.Google Scholar
Message ID 2627, 2007. ‘Ouzohuren (Bairen), Zhongguoren, Feizhouren’ (European whites, Chinese, Africans), AB, 26 May.Google Scholar
Message ID 58305, 2006. ‘Zhongguo Nurenmen, Qing Xiaoxin Heiren Ba’ (Chinese women, please beware of the Negroes), 163, 28 October.Google Scholar
Message ID 82043, 2008. ‘Feizhouren Weishenme JJ chang’ (Why do Africans have long dicks), Hunan Daxue Xiaoyuan Luntan, 19 March. <http://wlzb.net/phpwind/read.php?tid=82043.html>..>Google Scholar
Message ID 142695, 2008. ‘Youyou Yanzhong Di Feizhou Dalu’ (Travelling to the African continent), TYC, 5 January.Google Scholar
Message ID 148612, 2008. ‘Tiyu Jujiao: Tianjing – Ershijiu Jie Aoyunhui Tianjing Bisai Zhibo Taoluntie’ (Sports focus: field – the discussion post of live 29th Olympic Games), TYC, 18 August.Google Scholar
Message ID 156285, 2007. ‘Shijie Gailan Renzai Feizhou’ (People in Africa: overview of the world), TYC, 27 July.Google Scholar
Message ID 166266, 2007. ‘Wenming Chongtu Zai Feizhou’ (Clash of civilisations in Africa), TYC, 30 December.Google Scholar
Message ID 167971, 2007. Response to ‘Wenming Chongtu Zai Feizhou’ (Clash of civilisations in Africa), TYC, 30 December.Google Scholar
Message ID 809662, 2006. ‘Dao Feizhou Taojinqu’ (Go to gold-mining in Africa), TYC, 20 October.Google Scholar
Message ID 1469849, 2007. ‘Zhongguo Geiliao Feizhou Ouzhouren Bugei De Zixin’ (China gave Africa a sense of confidence that cannot be gained from Europeans), Jianzhi Lantian (Sword to the Sky Blog), 7 December. <http://blog.china.com/u/070106/24849/200712/1460849.html>..>Google Scholar
Message ID 2308022, 2007. SNF, 20 May.Google Scholar
Message ID 7835502, 2007. ‘Qingxi Feizhou’ (Emotion attached to Africa), DZH, 18 October.Google Scholar
Message ID 7918396, 2007. ‘Feizhou Junren Nanjing Xue Saolei’ (African military learns mine-sweeping in Nanjing), DZH, 25 November.Google Scholar
Message ID 85014172, 2008. SNF, 12 March.Google Scholar
Message ID 85217128, 2008. SNF, 30 March.Google Scholar
Message ID 85420541, 2008. SNF, 17 April.Google Scholar
Message ID 85428195, 2008. SNF, 18 April.Google Scholar
Message ID 85496042, 2008. SNF, 23 April.Google Scholar
Message ID 85496103, 2008. SNF, 23 April.Google Scholar
Message ID 85498640, 2008. SNF, 23 April.Google Scholar
Message ID 85548424, 2008. SNF, 28 April.Google Scholar
Message ID 85594156, 2008. SNF, 3 May.Google Scholar
Message ID 85595517, 2008. SNF, 3 May.Google Scholar
Message ID 85611130, 2008. SNF, 4 May.Google Scholar
Message ID 86205651, 2008. SNF, 13 May.Google Scholar
Message ID 86244154, 2008. SNF, 16 May.Google Scholar
Message ID 86455443, 2008. SNF, 28 May.Google Scholar
Message ID 86541820, 2008. SNF, 3 June.Google Scholar
Message ID 86616883, 2008. SNF, 8 June.Google Scholar
Message ID 86682113, 2008. SNF, 13 June.Google Scholar
Message ID 86906864, 2008. SNF, 26 June.Google Scholar
Message ID 86932074, 2008. SNF, 28 June.Google Scholar
Message ID 2_2104481, 2007. ‘Nirier Panjun Bangjia Zhongguoren Di Liyou Xiangdang Guiyi’ (Very weird reasons for the Niger insurgents to kidnap Chinese), CIB, 13 July.Google Scholar
Message ID 200781164714, 2007. ‘Shuoshuo Guoren Dui Feizhou Di Wujie’ (About the Chinese misconception of Africa), Blog of Bo Ku, 1 August. <http://www.126blog.com/u5/guleite/archives/2007/200781164714.shtml#>..>Google Scholar
Qiangguo Xiequ. 2007. ‘Information tree – 2007’, <http://bbs2.people.com.cn/fuwu/dt/hm07.html>, accessed 10.12.2008.,+accessed+10.12.2008.>Google Scholar
Tianya Community (TYC, Tianya Xiequ). <http://www.tianya.cn.html>, accessed 1.8.2008.,+accessed+1.8.2008.>Google Scholar
TYC. 2008a. ‘Mailbox for Advertisement Enquiry’, <http://article.tianya.cn/2005/ad/forty.html>, accessed 10.12.2008.,+accessed+10.12.2008.>Google Scholar
TYC. 2008b. ‘Information for Tianya Community’. <http://help.tianya.cn/about/about.html>, accessed 10.12.2008.,+accessed+10.12.2008.>Google Scholar