¹ Cf. Mamdani, Mahmood, Mkandawire, Thandika, and Wamba-dia-Wamba, , ‘Mouvements sociaux, mutations sociales et lutte pour la démocratie en Afrique’, C.O.D.E.S.R.I.A., Dakar, Working Paper No. 1, 1988, and Oyugi, Walter O., Odhiambo, E.S. Atieno, Chege, Michael, and Gitonga, Afrifa K. (eds.), Democratic Theory and Practice in Africa (Nairobi, London, and Portsmouth, N.H., 1988).Google Scholar

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⁹ Cliffe and Saul (eds.), op. cit. Vol. 1, and Vol. 2, Policies.

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¹⁵ Goran Hyden, ‘Final Rejoinder’, in ibid. 18, 4, 1987, pp. 661–7.

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²³ One important exception to the relative neglect of ‘grassroots’ organisations from a wider political perspective has been the French ‘articulation of the modes of production’ school of analysis led by Emmanuel Terray and Claude Meillassoux – represented among Dutch Africanists by the work of Peter Geschiere and others – who have sought to understand how West African village communities experience ‘development’ from within. See Terray, Emmanuel, Marxism and ‘Primitive’ Societies (New York and London, 1972),Google ScholarMeillassoux, Claude, Terrains et théories (Paris, 1977),Google Scholar and Geschiere, Peter, Village Communities and the State: changing relations among the Maka of Southeastern Cameroon since the colonial conquest (London, 1982). It is perhaps worth noting in this connection that studies reporting on grassroots ‘resilience’ have usually emanated from West Africa. An intriguing but unexplored question is, however, to what extent village-based communities in West Africa, through their very structure, might have had a greater capacity for resilience vis-à-vis the state, at least under conditions of a certain ‘balance of power’ between them, than the scattered communities in many parts of Eastern Africa, which instead have often been noted to exhibit a greater degree of ‘elusiveness’.Google Scholar

²⁴ Chabal (ed.), op. cit. p. 15.

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²⁹ Rothchild and Chazan (eds.), op. cit.

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³⁵ Jean-François Bayart, ‘Civil Society in Africa’, in Chabal (ed), op. cit. p. 124.

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