Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T15:43:23.625Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Simultaneous purification and functionalization of carbon nanotubes using chlorination

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 July 2012

Iwona Pełech ,
Urszula Narkiewicz ,
Dariusz Moszyński  and
Robert Pełech
Iwona Pełech*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
Urszula Narkiewicz
Affiliation:
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
Dariusz Moszyński
Affiliation:
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
Robert Pełech
Affiliation:
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Organic Chemical Technology, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: ipelech@zut.edu.pl
Get access

Abstract

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) obtained using ethylene as a carbon source and nanocrystalline iron as a catalyst were used as the initial material. The functionalization of MWCNTs was carried out using chlorine in the liquid and gas phase. In the second case, the reaction was conducted in the temperature range from 50 to 450 °C for 2 h. The presence of chlorine species on the surface of chlorinated samples was confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A quantitative analysis of metal impurity content was validated by means of thermogravimetric analysis. Better results of metal removal were achieved when the chlorination process was conducted in the gas phase and the ratio of metal in samples amounted from 2.3% to 5.1%.

Keywords

nanostructurepurificationx-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 27 , Issue 18 , 28 September 2012 , pp. 2368 - 2374
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Lee, N.S., Chung, D.S., Han, I.T., Kang, J.H., Choi, Y.S., Kim, H.Y., Park, S.H., Jin, Y.W., Yi, W.K., Yun, M.J., Jung, J.E., Lee, C.J., You, J.H., Jo, S.H., Lee, C.G., and Kim, J.M.: Application of carbon nanotubes to field emission displays. Diamond Relat. Mater. 10, 265 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Nguyen, C.V., Chao, K-J., Stevens, R.M.D., Delzeit, L., Cassell, A., Han, J., and Meyyappan, M.: Carbon nanotube tip probes: Stability and lateral resolution in scanning probe microscopy and application to surface science in semiconductors. Nanotechnology 12, 363 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Alwarappan, S., Liu, G., and Li, C-Z.: Simultaneous detection of dopamine, ascorbic acid, and uric acid at electrochemically pretreated carbon nanotube biosensors. Nanomedicine 6, 52 (2010).Google Scholar
4.Alwarappan, S., Prabhulkar, S., Durygin, A., and Li, C-Z.: The effect of electrochemical pretreatment on the sensing performance of single-walled carbon nanotubes. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 9, 2991 (2009).Google Scholar
5.Osorio, A.G., Silveira, I.C.L., Bueno, V.L., and Bergmann, C.P.: H2SO4/HNO3/HCl—Functionalization and its effect on dispersion of carbon nanotubes in aqueous media. Appl. Surf. Sci. 255, 2485 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Porro, S., Musso, S., Vinante, M., Vanzetti, L., Anderle, M., Trotta, F., and Tagliaferro, A.: Purification of carbon nanotubes grown by thermal CVD. Physica E 37, 58 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Stobinski, L., Lesiak, B., Kövér, L., Tóth, J., Biniak, S., Trykowski, G., and Judek, J.: Multiwalled carbon nanotubes purification and oxidation by nitric acid studied by the FTIR and electron spectroscopy methods. J. Alloys Compd. 501, 77 (2010).Google Scholar
8.Wang, Y., Iqbal, Z., and Mitra, S.: Microwave-induced rapid chemical functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Carbon 43, 1015 (2005).Google Scholar
9.Barthos, R., Méhn, D., Demortier, A., Pierard, N., Morciaux, Y., Demortier, G., Fonseca, A., and Nagy, J.B.: Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes by using alkyl-halides. Carbon 43, 321 (2005).Google Scholar
10.Yin, S., Shen, P.K., Song, S., and Jiang, S.P.: Functionalization of carbon nanotubes by an effective intermittent microwave heating-assisted HF/H2O2 treatment for electrocatalyst support of fuel cells. Electrochim. Acta 54, 6954 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Michelson, E.T., Chiang, I.W., Zimmerman, J.L., Boul, P.J., Lozano, J., Liu, J., Smalley, R.E., Hauge, R.H., and Margrave, J.L.: Solvation of fluorinated single-walled carbon nanotubes in alcohol solvents. J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 4318 (1999).Google Scholar
12.Lee, Y.S., Cho, T.H., Lee, B.K., Rho, J.S., An, K.H., and Lee, Y.H.: Surface properties of fluorinated single-walled carbon nanotubes. J. Fluorine Chem. 120, 99 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Hamwi, A., Alvergnat, H., Bonnamy, S., and Béguin, F.: Fluorination of carbon nanotubes. Carbon 35, 723 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Kónya, Z., Vesselenyi, I., Niesz, K., Kukovecz, A., Demortier, A., Fonseca, A., Delhalle, J., Mekhalif, Z., Nagy, J.B., Koós, A.A., Osváth, Z., Kocsonya, A., Biró, L.P., and Kiricsi, I.: Large scale production of short functionalized carbon nanotubes. Chem. Phys. Lett. 360, 429 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Yuan, J-M., Chen, X-H., Chen, X-H., Fan, Z-F., Yang, X-G., and Chen, Z-H.: An easy method for purifying multiwalled carbon nanotubes by chlorine oxidation. Carbon 46, 1266 (2008).Google Scholar
16.Lee, W.H., Kim, S.J., Lee, W.J., Lee, J.G., Haddon, R.C., and Reucroft, P.J.: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of surface modified single-walled carbon nanotube material. Appl. Surf. Sci. 181, 121 (2001).Google Scholar
17.Wang, Y., Iqbal, Z., and Malhotra, S.V.: Functionalization of carbon nanotubes with amines and enzymes. Chem. Phys. Lett. 402, 96 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Dettlaff-Weglikowska, U., Benoit, J-M., Chiu, P-W., Graupner, R., Lebedkin, S., and Roth, S.: Chemical functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Curr. Appl. Phys. 2, 497 (2002).Google Scholar
19.Yu, H., Zhang, Z., Wang, Z., Jiang, Z., Liu, J., Wang, L., Wan, D., and Tang, T.: Double functions of chlorinated carbon nanotubes in its combination with Ni2O3 for reducing flammability of polypropylene. J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 13226 (2010).Google Scholar
20.Pełech, I.: The influence of hydrogen treatment on removal degree of iron particles from CNTs. Fullerenes Nanotubes Carbon Nanostruct. (2012, in press).Google Scholar
21.Pang, L.S.K., Saxby, J.D., and Chatfield, S.P.: Thermogravimetric analysis of carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. 97, 6941 (1993).Google Scholar
22.Ermakova, M.A., Ermakov, D.Yu., Chuvilin, A.L., and Kuvshinov, G.G.: Decomposition of methane over iron catalysts at the range of moderate temperatures: The influence of structure of the catalytic systems and the reaction conditions on the yield of carbon and morphology of carbon filaments. J. Catal. 201, 183 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Pełech, I. and Narkiewicz, U.: Comparison studies between hydrogenation and oxidation of MWNTs followed by acid treatment. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 11, 7926 (2011).Google Scholar
24.Dillon, A.C., Gennett, T., Jones, K.M., Alleman, J.L., Parilla, P.A., and Heben, M.J.: A simple and complete purification of single-walled carbon nanotube materials. Adv. Mater. 11, 1354 (1999).3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Papirer, E., Lacroix, R., Donnet, J-B., Nansé, G., and Fioux, P.: XPS study of the halogenation of carbon black - Part 2. chlorination. Carbon 33, 63 (1995).Google Scholar
26.Pérez-Cadenas, A.F., Maldonado-Hódar, F.J., and Moreno-Castilla, C.: On the nature of the surface acid sites of chlorinated activated carbons. Carbon 41, 473 (2003).Google Scholar
27.Vasquez, M., Cruz, G.J., Olayo, M.G., Timoshina, T., Morales, J., and Olayo, R.: Chlorine dopants in plasma-synthesized heteroaromatic polymers. Polymer 47, 7864 (2006).Google Scholar
28.Moulder, J.F., Stickle, W.E., Sobol, P.E., and Bomben, K.E.: Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (Perkin-Elmer, Eden Prairie, MN, 1992).Google Scholar
29.Piao, H., Adib, K., and Barteau, M.A.: A temperature-programmed x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (TPXPS) study of chlorine adsorption and diffusion on Ag(1 1 1). Surf. Sci. 557, 13 (2004).Google Scholar
30.Narkiewicz, U., Pełech, I., Rosłaniec, Z., Kwiatkowska, M., and Arabczyk, W.: Preparation of nanocrystalline iron–carbon materials as fillers for polymers. Nanotechnology 18, 405601 (2007).Google Scholar