Hutchins, S.S., et al., “Protection of Racial/Ethnic Minority Populations During an Influenza Pandemic,” American Journal of Public Health 99 (2009): S261–S270 (citing to multiple sources).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

See, e.g., Yearby, R. and Mohapatra, S., “Law, Structural Racism, and the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Journal of Law & the Biosciences 7 (2020): 1; K.K. Dineen, “Meat Processing Workers and the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Subrogation of People, Public Health, and Ethics to Profits and a Path Forward,” St. Louis University Journal of Health Law & Policy 14 (2020): 4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Id. Google Scholar

See generally, Crenshaw, K.W., Gotanda, N., Peller, P., Thomas, T., eds., Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed a Movement (New York: New Press, 1995).Google Scholar

Waltenburg, M.A., Victoroff, T., Rose, C., et al., “Update: COVID-19 among Workers in Meat and Poultry Processing Facilities ― United States, April–May 2020,” MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2020): 69.Google ScholarPubMed

See supra note 5; see also Bui, D.P., et al., “Racial and Ethnic Disparities among COVID-19 Cases in Workplace Outbreaks by Industry Sector - Utah, March 6-June 5, 2020, ” MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 69 (August 21, 2020): 1133–1138. (reporting disproportionate numbers of COVID-19 infections among Hispanic and other non-white workers in meat processing workers in Utah).Google ScholarPubMed

See, e.g., Yearby and Mohapatra, supra note 2; Dineen, supra note 2; Hanage, W.P., et al., “COVID-19: US Federal Accountability for Entry, Spread, and Inequities—Lessons for the Future,” European Journal of Epidemiology 35 (2020): 995–1006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Patterson, D.K., Pandemic Influenza, 1700–1900: A Study in Historical Epidemiology Totowa (New Jersey: Rowan & Littlefield, 1986); S. Shah, Pandemic: Tracking Contagions from Cholera to Ebola and Beyond (2017).Google Scholar

D. Andrulis, et al., H1N1 Influenza Pandemic and Racially and Ethnically Diverse Communities in the United States: Assessing the Evidence of and Charting Opportunities for Advancing Health Equity, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health, National Consensus Panel on Emergency Preparedness and Cultural Diversity, 1-49, 13 (2012), available at <https://www.texashealthinstitute.org/uploads/1/3/5/3/13535548/thi_pandemic_influenza__equity_report_2012.pdf> (last visited November 17, 2021); Sydenstricker, E., “The Incidence of Influenza among Persons of Different Economic Status during the Epidemic of 1918,” Public Health Reports 46, no. 4 (1931): 154–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Økland, H. and Mamelund, S.-E., “Race and 1918 Influenza Pandemic in the United States: A Review of the Literature,” International Journal of Environmental Research in Public Health 16 (2019): 2487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Groom, A.V., et al., “Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Vulnerable Populations in Tribal Communities,” American Journal of Public Health 99, Suppl. 2 (2009): S271–278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sydenstricker, E., “The Incidence of Influenza among Persons of Different Economic Status during the Epidemic of 1918,” Public Health Reports 46, no. 4 (1931): 154–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

See, e.g., Schoch-Spana, M., Bouri, N., Rambhia, K., and Norwood, A., “Stigma, Health Disparities, and the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic: Burdens on Latino Farmworkers in the U.S.,” Biosecurity and Bioterrorism 8 (2010): 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Information on 2009 H1N1 Impact by Race and Ethnicity (February 24, 2010), available at <http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/race_ethnicity_qa.htm> (last visited November 17, 2021).+(last+visited+November+17,+2021).>Google Scholar

See, e.g., Blumenshine, P., Reingold, A., Egerter, S., Mockenhaupt, R., Braveman, P., and Marks, J., “Pandemic Influenza Planning in the United States from a Health Disparities Perspective,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 14, no. 5 (2008): 709; D. DeBruin, J. Liaschenko, and M.F. Marshall, “Social Justice in Pandemic Preparedness,” American Journal of Public Health 102 , no. 4 (2012): 586-591; Schoch-Spana et al., supra note 13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

See, e.g., Rogers, T.N., Rogers, C.R., VanSant-Webb, E., Gu, L.Y., Yan, B., and Qeadan, F., (2020), “Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality Among Essential Workers in the United States,” World Medical & Health Policy 12 (2020): 311–327, available at <https://doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.358> (last visited December 1, 2021).Google ScholarPubMed

Yearby, R. and Mohapatra, S., “Structural Discrimination in COVID-19 Workplace Protections,” Health Affairs Blog (May 29, 2020), available at <https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20200522.280105/full/> (last visited June 3, 2021).CrossRef+(last+visited+June+3,+2021).>Google Scholar

The Food and Environment Reporting Network (FERN), “Mapping COVID-19 Outbreaks in the Food System,” April 22,2020 (updated July 30, 2021), available at <https://thefern.org/2020/04/mapping-covid-19-in-meat-and-food-processing-plants/> (last visited December 1, 2021).+(last+visited+December+1,+2021).>Google Scholar

Berger, Z., De Jesus, V.A., Assoumou, S.A., Greenhalgh, T., “Long COVID and Health Inequities: The Role of Primary Care,” The Milbank Quarterly 99, no. 2 (2021): 519–541, available at <https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12505> (last visited December 1, 2021).Google ScholarPubMed

Nguyen, L.H., et al., “Risk of COVID-19 among Front-Line Health-Care Workers and the General Community: A Prospective Cohort Study,” The Lancet Public Health 5, no. 9 (2020): e475–e483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

M.McConnell, “‘When We’re Dead and Buried, Our Bones Will Keep Hurting’”: Workers’ Rights under Threat in US Meat and Poultry Plants,” Human Rights Watch (2019), available at <https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/09/04/when-were-dead-and-buried-our-bones-will-keep-hurting/workers-rights-under-threat> (last visited December 1, 2021); van Holland, B.J., et al., “Preventive Occupational Health Interventions in the Meat Processing Industry in Upper-Middle and High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review on Their Effectiveness,” International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 88 (2015): 389–402, available at <https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-014-0964-3> (last visited December 1, 2021).CrossRef+(last+visited+December+1,+2021);+van+Holland,+B.J.,+et+al.,+“Preventive+Occupational+Health+Interventions+in+the+Meat+Processing+Industry+in+Upper-Middle+and+High-Income+Countries:+A+Systematic+Review+on+Their+Effectiveness,”+International+Archives+of+Occupational+and+Environmental+Health+88+(2015):+389–402,+available+at++(last+visited+December+1,+2021).>Google Scholar

See, e.g., Ramos, A.K., et al., “‘No somos máquinas’ (We are not machines): Worker Perspectives of Safety Culture in Meatpacking Plants in the Midwest,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 64, no. 2 (2021): 84–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

See McConnell, supra note 21; Ramos, et al., supra note 22.Google Scholar

Increased production speeds, including line speeds, as associated with increased transmission of COVID-19. See C.A. Taylor, C. Boulos, and Almond, D., “Livestock Plants and COVID-19 Transmission,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, December 117, no. 50 (2020): 31706–31715.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

See, e.g., Stuesse, A., “When They’re Done with You: Legal Violence and Structural Vulnerability among Injured Immigrant Poultry Workers,” Anthropology of Work Review 39, no. 2 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

See, e.g., Ramos, A.K., et. al., “Health and Well-Being of Hispanic/Latino Meatpacking Workers in the Midwest: An Application of the Health Belief Model,” Workplace Health & Safety (2021): e-pub ahead or print.Google Scholar

See, e.g., Dineen, supra note 2.Google Scholar

Id. See also Yearby and Mohapatra, supra note 2.Google Scholar

Id., at 15-16. See also U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Occupational Employment Statistics, May 2018 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, NAICS 311600 - Animal Slaughtering and Processing,” available at <https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/naics4_311600.htm> (last visited December 1, 2021).+(last+visited+December+1,+2021).>Google Scholar

Taylor, C.A., Boulos, C., Almond, D., “Livestock Plants and COVID-19 Transmission,” Proceedings of the National Academies of Science 117 (2020): 31706–15; Herstein, J. J., et al., (2021). “Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission among Meat Processing Workers in Nebraska, USA, and Effectiveness of Risk Mitigation Measures,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 27, no. 4 (2021): 1032-1038.Google ScholarPubMed

See, e,g.,Dyal, J.W., Grant, M.P., Broadwater, K., Bjork, A., Waltenburg, M.A., Gibbins, J.D., et al., “COVID-19 among Workers in Meat and Poultry Processing Facilities—19 States,” MMWR: Morbidity and Mortal Weekly 69 (April 2020): 557–61, available at <https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/sars-airborne-calculator> and <https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0238339> (both last visited December 1, 2021).Google ScholarPubMed

See, e.g., Dineen, supra note at 2.Google Scholar

Executive Order No. 13917, 85 Fed. Reg. 26313, 26313-26314 (May 1, 2020).Google Scholar

Waltenburg, M.A, et al., “Update: COVID-19 Among Workers in Meat and Poultry Processing Facilities - United States,” MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 69, no. 27 (2020): 887–892.Google Scholar

29 USC § 6559(c).Google Scholar

U.S. Department of Labor’s OSHA and CDC Issue Interim Guidance To Protect Workers in Meatpacking and Processing Industries, available at <https://www.osha.gov/news/newsreleases/national/04262020> (last visited December 1, 2021).+(last+visited+December+1,+2021).>Google Scholar

Dep’t of Labor, Statement of Enforcement Policy by Solicitor of Labor Kate O’Scannlain and Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for OSHA Loren Sweatt Regarding Meat and Poultry Processing Facilities, Press Release, April 28, 2020, <https://www.dol.gov/newsroom/releases/osha/osha20200428-1> (last visited December 1, 2021) (“Nearly 1 in 5 Nebraska meat processing workers were diagnosed with COVID-19 between March and July 2020, a profound burden of cases unparalleled in any other worker population”).+(last+visited+December+1,+2021)+(“Nearly+1+in+5+Nebraska+meat+processing+workers+were+diagnosed+with+COVID-19+between+March+and+July+2020,+a+profound+burden+of+cases+unparalleled+in+any+other+worker+population”).>Google Scholar

CDC, Interim Guidance for Healthcare Professionals (January 17, 2020), available at <https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/infection-control.html> (last visited December 1, 2021).+(last+visited+December+1,+2021).>Google Scholar

See, e.g., CDC, Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Healthcare Personnel During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic, Updated February 23, 2021, available at <https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/infection-control-recommendations.html> (last visited December 1, 2021).+(last+visited+December+1,+2021).>Google Scholar

Herstein, J.J., Degarege, A., Stover, D., Austin, C., Schwedhelm, M.M., Lawler, J.V., and Donahue, M., “Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission among Meat Processing Workers in Nebraska, USA, and Effectiveness of Risk Mitigation Measures,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 27, no. 4 (2021): 1032–1038. See also, J. Steinberg, et al., “COVID-19 Outbreak among Employees at a Meat Processing Facility — South Dakota,” MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 69 (2020): 1015-1019. By April 27, there were nearly 5,000 cases over COVID-19 in workers in 115 meat processing plants in 17 states. J.W. Dyal, M.P. Grant, K. Broadwater, et al., “COVID-19 Among Workers in Meat and Poultry Processing Facilities 19 States,” MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 69 (2020): 557-561. A.E. Lowe, K.K. Dineen, L.M. Lee, et al., “Consultation Report: Ethical Considerations Regarding Meat Processing Plant Operations, Worker Safety, and Community Welfare,” University of Nebraska Global Center for Health Security Ethics Advisory Committee, June 27, 2020, available at <https://www.unmc.edu/healthsecurity/ethics/consultation-reports/FINAL-Ethical-Considerations-Regarding-Meat-Processing-Plant-Operations-with-Graphics.pdf> (last visited December 1, 2021).+(last+visited+December+1,+2021).>Google Scholar

See Dept. of Labor, supra note 36.Google Scholar

Lyu, W. and Wehby, G.L., “Community Use of Face Masks and COVID-19: Evidence from a Natural Experiment of State Mandates in the US,” Health Affairs (Millwood) 39 (2020): 1419; X. Wang, E.G. Ferro, G. Zhou, D. Hashimoto, and D.L. Bhatt, “Association between Universal Masking in a Health Care System and SARS-CoV-2 Positivity among Health Care Workers,” JAMA 324 (2020): 703-4.Google ScholarPubMed

See Herstein, supra note 40.Google Scholar

Lowe, A.E., Dineen, K.K., Herstein, J.J., Wynia, M.K., Santarpia, J.L., Lee, L.M., Ferdinand, A.O., and Mohapatra, S., “Emerging Science, Personal Protective Equipment Guidance, and Resource Scarcity: Inaction and Inequity for Workers in Essential Industries,” Health Security (2021): e-pub ahead of print.Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Scientific Brief: SARS-CoV-2 and Potential Airborne Transmission,” Updated October 5, 2020, available at <https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/scientific-brief-sars-cov-2.html> (last visited December 1, 2021).+(last+visited+December+1,+2021).>Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

Galtung, J., “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research,” Journal of Peace Research 6, no. 3 (1969): 167–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Id.; Ramos, et al., supra note 26.Google Scholar

T. O’Sullivan and M. Bourgoin, “Vulnerability in an Influenza Pandemic: Looking beyond Medical Risk,” Public Health Agency of Canada, Global Report for Research on Infectious Diseases of Poverty, WHO, 2012, available at <http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2012/9789241564489_eng.pdf?ua=1> (last visited December 1, 2021); Blumenshine, et al., supra note 15; DeBruin, D., Liaschenko, J., and Marshall, M.F., “Social Justice in Pandemic Preparedness,” American Journal of Public Health 102, no. 4 (2012): 586–591.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

See, e.g., Menezes, P.N., Malone, J., Lyons, C., et al., “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Viral Acute Respiratory Infections in the United States: Protocol of a Systematic Review,” Systematic Reviews 10 (2021): 196; P.M. Alberti, P.M. Lantz, C.H. Wilkins, “Equitable Pandemic Preparedness and Rapid Response: Lessons from COVID-19 for Pandemic Health Equity,” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 45, no. 6 (2020): 921-935; J.T. Berger and D. Ribeiro Miller “Corona and Community: The Entrenchment of Structural Bias in Planning for Pandemic Preparedness,” American Journal of Bioethics 20, no. 7 (2020): 112-114.Google Scholar

Ramos, A.K., Lowe, A.E., Herstein, J.J., Trinidad, N., Carvajal-Suarez, M., Quintero, S., Lowe, J.J., et al., “A Rapid-Response Survey of Essential Workers in Midwestern Meatpacking Plants: Perspectives on COVID-19 Response in the Workplace,” Journal of Environmental Health (2020); Yearby and Mohapatra, supra note 2.Google Scholar

Gray, G.C., et al., “Pandemic Influenza Planning: Shouldn’t Swine and Poultry Workers Be Included?” Vaccine 25, no. 22 (2007): 4376–81; G.C. Gray and W.S. Baker, “The Importance of Including Swine and Poultry Workers in Influenza Vaccination Programs,” Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 82, no. 6 (2007): 638-41; G.C. Gray and G. Kayali, “Facing Pandemic Influenza Threats: The Importance of Including Poultry and Swine Workers in Preparedness Plans,” Poultry Science 88, no. 4 (2009): 880-884.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

See, e.g., Rim, K.-T. and Lim, C.-H., “Biologically Hazardous Agents at Work and Efforts to Protect Workers’ Health: A Review of Recent Reports,” Safety and Health at Work 5, no. 2 (2014): 43–52.Google Scholar

For example, a 2015 systemic literature review of preventive health interventions in meat-processing plants found no studies on interventions to prevent infections outside of a few specific to Q fever vaccination. van Holland, B.J., et al., “Preventive Occupational Health Interventions in the Meat Processing Industry in Upper-Middle and High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review on Their Effectiveness,” International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 88 (2015): 389–402 (Table 1 includes the studies in more detail and notably, the studies out of the U.S. were focused on musculoskeletal injuries).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Eke, U.A. and Eke, C.A., “Personal Protective Equipment in the Siege of Respiratory Viral Pandemics: Strides Made and Next Steps,” Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 15, no. 4 (2021): 441–452; F. Ahmed, N. Zviedrite, and A. Uzicanin, “Effectiveness of Workplace Social Distancing Measures in Reducing Influenza Transmission: A Systematic Review,” BMC Public Health 18 (2018): 518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brosseau, L. and Mitchell, A. Hogan, “Statement on Addressing the Aerosol Transmission of SARS CoV-2 and Recommendations for Preventing Occupational Exposures,” American Industrial Hygiene Association (2021), available at <https://aiha-assets.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/AIHA/resources/Fact-Sheets/Joint-Consensus-Statement-on-Addressing-the-Aerosol-Transmission-of-SARS-CoV-2-Fact-Sheet.pdf> (last visited December 1, 2021).+(last+visited+December+1,+2021).>Google Scholar

Samet, J., Prather, K., Benjamin, G., et al., “Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: What We Know,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 73, no. 10 (2021): 1924–1926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

See, e.g., Günther, T., Czech-Sioli, M., Indenbirken, D., Robitaille, A., Tenhaken, P., Exner, M., et al., “SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak Investigation in a German Meat Processing Plant,” EMBO Molecular Medicine 12 (2020): e13296; C.A. Taylor, C. Boulos, and D. Almond, “Livestock Plants and COVID-19 Transmission,” Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences 117 (2020): 31706-15; Q. Durand-Moreau, A. Adisesh, G. MacKenzie, et al., “What Explains the High Rate of Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Meat and Poultry Facilities?” Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine, June 4, 2020, available at <https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/what-explains-the-high-rate-of-sars-cov-2-transmission-in-meat-and-poultry-facilities-2/> (last visited December 1, 2021); J. Middleton, R. Reintjes, and H. Lopes, “Meat Plants—A New Front Line in the Covid-19 Pandemic,” BMJ 370 (2020): m2716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Infectious disease experts at the UNMC Global Center for Health Security worked to adapt infection control measures and practices commonly implemented in a health care and field environments to identify COVID-19 control measures that could be implemented in meatpacking plants. <https://www.unmc.edu/news.cfm?match=25534> (last visited December 1, 2021).+(last+visited+December+1,+2021).>Google Scholar

Herstein, et al., supra note 40.Google Scholar

Lowe, A.E., Dineen, K.K., Lee, L.M., Kass, N., and Wynia, M., “Consultation Report: Ethical Considerations Regarding Meat Processing Plant Operations, Worker Safety, and Community Welfare,” University of Nebraska Global Center for Health Security Ethics Advisory Committee, June 27, 2020, available at < https://www.unmc.edu/healthsecurity/ethics/consultation-reports/FINAL-Ethical-Considerations-Regarding-Meat-Processing-Plant-Operations-with-Graphics.pdf> (last visited December 1, 2021).+(last+visited+December+1,+2021).>Google Scholar

Cheng, K.K., Lam, T.H., Leung, C.C., “Wearing Face Masks in the Community during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Altruism and Solidarity,” The Lancet, April 16, 2020, available at <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30918-1> (last visited December 1, 2021).Google Scholar

American Public Health Association (APHA), Public Health Code of Ethics (Washington, D.C.: APHA, 2019); F. Baylis, N.P. Kenny, and S. Sherwin, “A Relational Account of Public Health Ethics,” Public Health Ethics 1, no. 3 (2008): 196-209.Google Scholar

Prainsack, B. and Buyx, A., Solidarity: Reflections on an Emerging Concept in Bioethics (London, UK: Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 2011); N.P. Kenny, et al., “Re-visioning Public Health Ethics: A Relational Perspective,” Canadian Journal of Public Health = Revue canadienne de sante publique 101, no. 1 (2010): 9-11.Google Scholar

Dawson, A. and Jennings, B., “The Place of Solidarity in Public Health Ethics,” Public Health Review 34,  no. 74 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ho, A. and Dascalu, I., “Relational Solidarity and COVID-19: An Ethical Approach to Disrupt the Global Health Disparity Pathway,” Global Bioethics, 32, no. 1 (2021): 34–50; P. Farmer, and N. Gastineau, “Rethinking Health and Human Rights: Time for a Paradigm Shift,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 4 (2002): 655-666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baylis, F., Kenny, N.P., and Sherwin, S., “A Relational Account of Public Health Ethics,” Public Health Ethics, 1, no. 3 (2008): 196–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fineman, M.A., “The Vulnerable Subject and the Responsive State,” Emory Law Journal 60 (2010): 251. See, e.g., N.G. Evans, Z.D. Berger, A.L. Phelan, and R.D. Silverman, “Covid-19, Equity, and Inclusiveness,” BMJ 373 (2021): n1631.Google Scholar

Bell, D.A. Jr., “Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Convergence Dilemma,” Harvard Law Review 93, no. 3 (1980): 518–533.Google Scholar

See Carbado, D.W. and Gulati, M., “The Law and Economics of Critical Race Theory,” Yale Law Journal 112 (2003): 1757, 1764; C. Lee, “Cultural Convergence: Interest Convergence Theory Meets the Cultural Defense,” Arizona Law Review 49(2007): 911, 939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crossley, M., “Black Health Matters: Disparities, Community Health, and Interest Convergence,” Michigan Journal of Race & Law 22 (2016-2017): 53; C. Powell, “Color of COVID and Gender of COVID: Essential Workers, Not Disposable People (October 16, 2020),” Yale Journal of Law & Feminism and Fordham Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 3713395 33, no. 1 (2021), available at <https://ssrn.com/abstract=3713395> (last visited December 1, 2021).Google Scholar

See Brosseau and Mitchell, supra note 57.Google Scholar

E. Novicki, National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) Councils: FY 2020 Highlights, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2021).Google Scholar

See Brosseau and Mitchell, supra note 57.Google Scholar

Id. Google Scholar