Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T01:34:44.124Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Should Antibiotics Be Controlled Medicines? Lessons from the Controlled Drug Regimen

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Live Storehagen ,
Friha Aftab ,
Christine Årdal ,
Miloje Savic  and
John-Arne RØttingen
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

This study aimed to identify the antibiotic-relevant lessons from the controlled drug regimen for narcotics. Whereas several elements of the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961) could be advantageous for antibiotics, we doubt that an international legally binding agreement for controlling antibiotic consumption would be any more effective than implementing stewardship measures through national AMR plans.

Type
Symposium Articles
Information
Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics , Volume 46 , Issue S1: Incentives to Stimulate Research and Development of New Antibiotics: Detailed Assessments of Select Incentives and Models , Spring 2018 , pp. 81 - 94
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ventola, C. L., “The Antibiotic Resistance Crisis: Part 1: Causes and Threats,” Pharmacy and Therapeutics 40, no. 4 (2015): 277–283.Google Scholar
World Health Organization, Antimicrobial Resistance: Global Report on Surveillance, available at <http://www.who.int/drugresistance/documents/surveillancereport/en/> (last visited April 2, 2018).+(last+visited+April+2,+2018).>Google Scholar
Bell, B. G. et al., “A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effects of Antibiotic Consumption on Antibiotic Resistance,” BMC Infectious Diseases 14, no. (2014): 13.Google Scholar
Fleming-Dutra, K. E. et al., “Prevalence of Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescriptions among US Ambulatory Care Visits, 2010-2011,” JAMA 315, no. 17 (2016): 1864–1873.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendelson, M. et al., “Maximising Access to Achieve Appropriate Human Antimicrobial Use in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries,” The Lancet 387, no. 10014 (2016): 188–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daulaire, N. et al., “Universal Access to Effective Antibiotics Is Essential for Tackling Antibiotic Resistance,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, Suppl. 3, no. (2015): 17–21.Google Scholar
Hoffman, S. J. et al., “An International Legal Framework to Address Antimicrobial Resistance,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 93, no. 2 (2015): 66; C. Årdal et al., “International Cooperation to Improve Access to and Sustain Effectiveness of Antimicrobials,” The Lancet 387, no. 10015 (2016): 296-307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United Nations Treaty Collection, Status of Treaties: Chapter VI Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, available at <https://treaties.un.org/pages/viewdetails.aspx?src=treaty&mtdsg_no=vi-18&chapter=6&lang=en> (last visited April 2, 2018).+(last+visited+April+2,+2018).>Google Scholar
United Nations. Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961).Google Scholar
International Narcotics Control Board, Training Material: 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. Part 1: The International Control System for Narcotic Drugs (2005), available at <https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Training-Materials/English/PART_I_English.pdf> (last visited April 2, 2018).+(last+visited+April+2,+2018).>Google Scholar
Jelsma, M., The Development of International Drug Control. Lessons Learned and Strategic Challenges for the Future: Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies, No. 10 (March 2011), available at <https://www.tni.org/files/download/dlr10.pdf>..>Google Scholar
World Health Organization, Access to Controlled Medications Programme. Improving access to medications controlled under international drug conventions. Briefing note., available at <http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/ACMP_BrNote_Genrl_EN_Apr2012.pdf> (last visited 1 July 2016).+(last+visited+1+July+2016).>Google Scholar
O'Brien, M. et al., “Improving Access to Analgesic Drugs for Patients with Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa,” The Lancet Oncology 14, no. 4 (2013): e176–182.Google Scholar
Larance, B. et al., “The Availability, Diversion and Injection of Pharmaceutical Opioids in South Asia,” Drug and Alcohol Review 30, no. 3 (2011): 246–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berterame, S. et al., “Use of and Barriers to Access to Opioid Analgesics: A Worldwide, Regional, and National Study,” The Lancet 387, no. 10028 (2016): 1644–1656.Google Scholar
Husain, S. A. et al., “Do National Drug Control Laws Ensure the Availability of Opioids for Medical and Scientific Purposes?” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 92, no. 2 (2014): 108–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Berterame et al., supra note 15.Google Scholar
Degenhardt, L. et al., “The Global Epidemiology and Burden of Opioid Dependence: Results from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study,” Addiction 109, no. 8 (2014): 1320–1333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolodny, A. et al., “The Prescription Opioid and Heroin Crisis: A Public Health Approach to an Epidemic of Addiction,” Annual Review of Public Health 36 (2015): 559–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tetrault, J. M. and Butner, J. L., “Non-Medical Prescription Opioid Use and Prescription Opioid Use Disorder: A Review,” Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 88, no. 3 (2015): 227–233.Google Scholar
Csete, J. et al., “Public Health and International Drug Policy,” The Lancet 387, no. 10026 (2016): 1427–1480.Google Scholar
See United Nations, supra note 9.Google Scholar
World Health Organization, WHO List of Critically Important Antimicrobials (CIA), available at <http://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/antimicrobial-resistance/cia/en/> (last visited April 2, 2018).+(last+visited+April+2,+2018).>Google Scholar
World Health Organization, WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines, available at <http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/en/> (last visited April 2, 2018).+(last+visited+April+2,+2018).>Google Scholar
Manchikanti, L. et al., “Current State of Opioid Therapy and Abuse,” Current Pain and Headache Reports 20, no. 5 (2016): 1–9.Google Scholar
Linge-Dahl, L. et al., “Identification of Challenges to the Availability and Accessibility of Opioids in Twelve European Countries: Conclusions from Two ATOME Six-Country Workshops,” Journal of Palliative Medicine 18, no. 12 (2015): 1033–1039.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cherny, N. I. et al., “Formulary Availability and Regulatory Barriers to Accessibility of Opioids for Cancer Pain in Europe: A Report from the ESMO/EAPC Opioid Policy Initiative,” Annals of Oncology 21, no. 3 (2010): 615–626.Google Scholar
Cleary, J. et al., “Formulary Availability and Regulatory Barriers to Accessibility of Opioids for Cancer Pain in India: A Report from the Global Opioid Policy Initiative (GOPI),” Annals of Oncology 24, Suppl. 11, no. (2013): xi33–xi40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajagopal, M. R. and Joranson, D. E., “India: Opioid Availability. An Update,” Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 33, no. 5 (2007): 615–622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dureja, G. P. et al., “Addressing the Barriers Related with Opioid Therapy for Management of Chronic Pain in India,” Pain Management 7, no. 4 (2017): 311–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helseog omsorgsdepartementet, Handlingsplan mot anti-biotikaresistens i helsetjenesten, available at <https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/915655269bc04a47928fce917e4b25f5/handlingsplan-antibiotikaresistens.pdf> (last visited April 2, 2018).+(last+visited+April+2,+2018).>Google Scholar
Morgan, D. J. et al., “Non-prescription Antimicrobial Use Worldwide: A Systematic Review,” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 11, no. 9 (2011): 692–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ocan, M. et al., “Household Antimicrobial Self-Medication: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Burden, Risk Factors and Outcomes in Developing Countries,” BMC Public Health 15 (2015): 742.Google Scholar
Mainous, A. G, 3rdet al., “Availability of Antibiotics for Purchase without a Prescription on the Internet,” The Annals of Family Medicine 7, no. 5 (2009): 431–435.Google Scholar
World Health Organization, Antimicrobial Resistance. National Action Plans, available at <http://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/national-action-plans/en/> (last visited April 2, 2018).+(last+visited+April+2,+2018).>Google Scholar
Blue Cross Blue Shield, The Health of America Report. Antibiotic Prescription Fill Rates Declining in the U.S. (2017), available at <https://www.bcbs.com/sites/default/files/file-attachments/health-of-america-report/HoA.Antibiotics.Report.pdf> (last visited April 2, 2018).+(last+visited+April+2,+2018).>Google Scholar
United Nations: International Narcotics Control Board, Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2015 (January 2016), available at <https://www.incb.org/documents/Publications/AnnualReports/AR2015/English/AR_2015_E.pdf> (last visited April 2, 2018).+(last+visited+April+2,+2018).>Google Scholar
Dalal, S. and Bruera, E., “Access to Opioid Analgesics and Pain Relief for Patients with Cancer,” Nature Review Clinical Oncology 10, no. 2 (2013): 108–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See O'Brien et al., supra note 13.Google Scholar
International Narcotics Control Board, Guide on Estimating Requirements for Substances under International Control. Developed by the International Narcotics Control Board and the World Health Organization for Use by Competent National Authorities (2012), available at <https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Guidelines/estimating_requirements/NAR_Guide_on_Estimating_EN_Ebook.pdf> (last visited April 2, 2018).+(last+visited+April+2,+2018).>Google Scholar
World Health Organization, WHO Methodology for a Global Programme on Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption, available at <http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/rational_use/WHO_AMCsurveillance_1.0.pdf> (last visited April 2, 2018).+(last+visited+April+2,+2018).>Google Scholar
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Network (ESAC-Net), available at <https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/about-us/partnerships-and-networks/disease-and-laboratory-networks/esac-net-about> (last visited April 2, 2018).+(last+visited+April+2,+2018).>Google Scholar
Wellcome Trust, Fleming Fund Launched to Tackle Global Problem of Drug-Resistant Infection, available at <https://wellcome.ac.uk/press-release/fleming-fund-launched-tackle-global-problem-drug-resistant-infection> (last visited April 2, 2018).+(last+visited+April+2,+2018).>Google Scholar
Cleary, J. et al., “Formulary Availability and Regulatory Barriers to Accessibility of Opioids for Cancer Pain in Africa: A Report from the Global Opioid Policy Initiative (GOPI),” Annals of Oncology 24, no. 11 Supp (2013): xi14–xi23; J. Cleary et al., “Formulary Availability and Regulatory Barriers to Accessibility of Opioids for Cancer Pain in Asia: A Report from the Global Opioid Policy Initiative (GOPI),” Annals of Oncology 24, no. 11 Supp (2013): xi24-xi32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Cherny et al., supra note 27.Google Scholar
The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, Chaired by O'Neill, Jim, Antimicrobials in Agriculture and the Environment: Reducing Unnecessary Use and Waste (December 2015), available at <https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/Antimicrobials%20in%20agriculture%20and%20the%20environment%20-%20Reducing%20unnecessary%20use%20and%20waste.pdf> (last visited April 2, 2018). (last visited April 2, 2018).' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The+Review+on+Antimicrobial+Resistance,+Chaired+by+O'Neill,+Jim,+Antimicrobials+in+Agriculture+and+the+Environment:+Reducing+Unnecessary+Use+and+Waste+(December+2015),+available+at++(last+visited+April+2,+2018).>Google Scholar
See World Health Organization, supra note 35.Google Scholar
United Nations, Political Declaration of the High-Level Meeting of the General Assembly on Antimicrobial Resistance (2016), available at <http://www.un.org/pga/71/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/2016/09/DGACM_GAEAD_ESCAB-AMR-Draft-Political-Declaration-1616108E.pdf> (last visited April 2, 2018).+(last+visited+April+2,+2018).>Google Scholar
G20 Germany 2017, Berlin Declaration of the G20 Health Ministers, available at <https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/fileadmin/Dateien/3_Downloads/G/G20-Gesundheitsministertreffen/G20_Health_Ministers_Declaration_engl.pdf> (last visited April 2, 2018).+(last+visited+April+2,+2018).>Google Scholar