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These data were gathered as part of a larger study on institutional influence on pharmacists' ethical decision-making. Specifically, I examined how legal, political, and organizational factors interacted with pharmacists' personal beliefs to influence care provision. I designed the study to focus on decisions about providing Emergency Contraceptive Pills (ECPs) that had received significant public and scholarly attention at the time of the study, but other ethical concerns such as those addressed here emerged over the course of research. I collected a maximum variation sample of pharmacists in four states with different “pharmacist responsibility laws” that dictate whether pharmacists can use moral justifications to refuse to provide care, see Kuzel, A., “Sampling in Qualitative Inquiry,” in Crabtree, B. F. Miller, W. L., eds., Doing Qualitative Research (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2000).Patton, M. Q., Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1990). I selected four states that varied by law and geographic region – California, Kansas, Mississippi, and New Jersey. Within each state, I selected one conservative and one liberal metropolitan county (determined using presidential voting records from 1980–2008) and within each county I selected retail and hospital pharmacists. Retail pharmacists included those working at three major national chains that were consistent across the states, and privately-owned independent pharmacies while hospital pharmacists included those working at Catholic, secular, and group (such as HMO) locations. The sample consisted of 24 hospital pharmacists, 40 chain pharmacists, and 31 independent pharmacists. Pharmacists varied by age, gender, and race/ethnicity. The benefit of a maximum variation sample is its ability to capture a full range of perspectives rather than the average perspective that would more likely be generated by a probability sample. This enables a solo researcher to assess similarities and differences across contexts. I recruited pharmacists by phone and conducted interviews in person using a semi-structured interview instrument that focused on how pharmacists identify and resolve ethical issues in daily practice, how they make decisions about providing ECPs, and how they would resolve hypothetical ethical challenges. Interviews lasted between 24 minutes and 3.25 hours, yielding a total of 123 interview hours. After having the interviews professionally transcribed, I coded them using grounded theory analytical techniques that involve coding, memo-writing, and theoretical sampling,See Charmaz, K., Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2006).Locke, K., Grounded Theory in Management Research (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2001).Locke, K. Golden-Biddle, K., “An Introduction to Qualitative Research: Its Potential for Industrial and Organizational Psychology,” in Rogelberg, S. G., ed., Handbook of Research Methods in Industrial and Organizational Psychology (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2002). This approach, widely used by qualitative researchers in the social sciences, enables patterns and categories to emerge from the data rather than fitting the data to predetermined categories.For elaboration on the research design and analytical techniques used for this study, see Chiarello, supra note 3 and Chiarello, E., “Pharmacists of Conscience: Ethical Decision-Making and Consistency of Care,” Dissertation, University of California, Irvine, 2011, available at <http://gradworks.umi.com/34/72/3472822.html>(last visited November 21, 2014).Google Scholar

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Compounding pharmacists are specialty pharmacists who prepare customized drugs to meet patients' needs. While all pharmacies do some forms of compounding, most compounding occurs in a few pharmacies that specialize in this practice. See <http://www.pharmacist.com/frequently-asked-questions-about-pharmaceutical-compounding>(last visited November 12, 2014).(last visited November 12, 2014).' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Compounding+pharmacists+are+specialty+pharmacists+who+prepare+customized+drugs+to+meet+patients'+needs.+While+all+pharmacies+do+some+forms+of+compounding,+most+compounding+occurs+in+a+few+pharmacies+that+specialize+in+this+practice.+See+(last+visited+November+12,+2014).>Google Scholar