Crenshaw, K.W., “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color,” Stanford Law Review 43, no. 6 (1991): 1241–99; R. Samra and O. Hankivsky, “Adopting an Intersectionality Framework to Address Power and Equity in Medicine,” The Lancet 397, no. 10277 (2021): 857-859; Y. Wilson, A. White, A. Jefferson, and M. Danis, “Intersectionality in Clinical Medicine: The Need for a Conceptual Framework,” The American Journal of Bioethics 19, no. 2 (2019): 8-19; K. Eckstrand et al., “The Priority of Intersectionality in Academic Medicine,” Academic Medicine 91, no. 7 (2016): 904-907.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eckstrand, supra note 1; L. Castillo-Page, Diversity in Medical Education: Facts & Figures 2008, Summer 2008.Google Scholar

Castillo-Page, supra note 2; Waliany, S., “Health Professionals with Disabilities: Motivating Inclusiveness and Representation,” AMA Journal of Ethics 18, no. 10 (2016): 971–974.Google Scholar

Waliany, supra note 3.Google Scholar

Meeks, L. and Jain, N.R., Accessibility, Inclusion and Action in Medical Education: Lived Experiences of Learners and Physicians with Disabilities, March 2018.Google Scholar

Mehta, S.S. and Edwards, M.L., “Suffering in Silence: Mental Health Stigma and Physicians’ Licensing Fears,” American Journal of Psychiatry Residents’ Journal 13, no. 11 (2018): 2–4; T. Krupa et al., “Understanding the Stigma of Mental Illness in Employment,” Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation 33, no. 4 (2009): 413-425.Google Scholar

Wallace, J.E., “Mental Health and Stigma in the Medical Profession,” Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine 16, no. 1 (2012): 3–18. doi: 10.1177/1363459310371080.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Meeks, supra note 5; Haque, O.S., Stein, M.A., and Marvit, A., “Physician, Heal Thy Double Stigma — Doctors with Mental Illness and Structural Barriers to Disclosure,” New England Journal of Medicine 384, no. 10 (2021): 888–891; D. Saddawi Konefka et al., “Consistency Between State Medical License Applications and Recommendations Regarding Physician Mental Health,” Journal of the American Medical Association 325, no. 19 (2021): 2017–2018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mehta, supra note 5; Haque, supra note 8; Ouellette, A., “Patients to Peers: Barriers and Opportunities for Doctors with Disabilities,” Nevada Law Journal 13, no. 3 (2013): 645–667.Google Scholar

Meeks, supra note 5; Stein, M.A., “Empirical Implications of Title I,” Iowa Law Review 85 no. 5 (2000): 1671– 1690.Google Scholar

Francis, L. and Silvers, A., “Perspectives on the Meaning of ‘Disability,” AMA Journal of Ethics 18, no. 10 (2016): 1025–1033.Google ScholarPubMed

American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013).Google Scholar

E. Bagalman and A.S. Cornell, “Prevalence of Mental Illness in the United States: Data Sources and Estimates,” January 19, 2018; Kessler, R.C. et al., “Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication,” Archives of General Psychiatry 62, no. 6 (2015): 593–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeLisa, J.A. and Thomas, P., “Physicians with Disabilities and the Physician Workforce: A Need to Reassess Our Policies,” American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 84, no. 1 (2005): 5–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mata, D.A. et al., “Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Journal of the American Medical Association 314, no. 22 (2015): 2373–83; Y. Gong et al., “Prevalence of Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms and Related Risk Factors among Physicians in China: A Cross-Sectional Study,” PloS One 9, no. 7 (2014): e103242; I. Ahmed et al., “Cognitive Emotions: Depression and Anxiety in Medical Students and Staff,” Journal of Critical Care 24, no. 3 (2009): e1-7; T.T.C. Quek et al., “The Global Prevalence of Anxiety Among Medical Students: A Meta-Analysis,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15 (2019): 2735.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Guille, C. et al., “Utilization and Barriers to Mental Health Services among Depressed Medical Interns: A Prospective Multisite Study,” Journal of Graduate Medical Education 2, no. 2 (2010): 210–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Meeks, L.M. et al., “Assessment of Disclosure of Psychological Disability Among US Medical Students,” JAMA Network Open 3, no. 7 (2020): e2011165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Schutt, A. et al., “National Survey of Wellness Programs in U.S. and Canadian Medical Schools,” Academic Medicine 96, no. 5 (2021): 728–735.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Francis, supra note 11.Google Scholar

Barnes, E., “Bad-Difference and Mere-Difference,” in: Barnes, E., The Minority Body (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haque, O.S., Lenfest, Y., and Peteet, J.R., “From Disability to Human Flourishing: How Fourth Wave Psychotherapies Can Help to Reimagine Rehabilitation and Medicine as a Whole,” Disability and Rehabilitation 42, no. 11 (2020): 1511–1517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Corrigan, P.W. and Rao, D., “On the Self-Stigma of Mental Illness: Stages, Disclosure, and Strategies for Change,” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 57, no. 8 (2012): 464–469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dyrbye, L., Thomas, M.R., and Shanafelt, T.D., “Medical Student Distress: Causes, Consequences, and Proposed Solutions,’” Mayo Clinical Proceedings 80, no. 12 (2005): 1613–1622; M.G. Sotiropoulos, “Impostor Syndrome: A Calling for a Career in Medical Education?” Postgraduate Medical Journal 97 (2021): 264-265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mehta, supra note 5.Google Scholar

Dyrbye, supra note 23.Google Scholar

World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 11th Revision (ICD-11) (Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2019); H.L. Fred and M.S. Scheid, “Physician Burnout: Causes, Consequences, and (?) Cures,” Texas Heart Institute Journal 45, no. 4 (2018): 198-202.Google Scholar

Dong, M. et al., “Prevalence of Suicide Related Behaviors among Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 50, no. 6 (2020): 1264–1275; M.K. Nock et al., “Cross-National Prevalence and Risk Factors for Suicidal Ideation, Plans and Attempts,” British Journal of Psychiatry 192, no. 2 (2008): 98-105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

P. Anderson, “Physicians Experience Highest Suicide Rate of Any Profession,” Medscape News [on 2018 American Psychiatric Association Conference], May 7, 2018, available at <https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/896257> (last visited Nov. 30, 2022).+(last+visited+Nov.+30,+2022).>Google Scholar

Reith, T.P., “Burnout in United States Healthcare Professionals: A Narrative Review,” Cureus 10, no. 12 (2018): e3681.Google ScholarPubMed

Pellegrini, C., “Mental Illness Stigma in Health Care Settings a Barrier to Care,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 186, no. 1 (2014): e17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ha, J.F. and Longnecker, N., “Doctor-Patient Communication: A Review,” Ochsner Journal 10, no. 1 (2010): 38–43.Google ScholarPubMed

Dewa, C.S. et al., “The Relationship between Physician Burnout and Quality of Healthcare in Terms of Safety and Acceptability: A Systematic Review,” BMJ Open 7, no. 6 (2017): e015141; A.M. Fahrenkopf et al., “Rates of Medication Errors among Depressed and Burnt Out Residents: Prospective Cohort Study,” British Medical Journal 336, no. 7642 (2008): 488-491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Oberg, E.B. and Frank, E., “Physicians’ Health Practices Strongly Influence Patient Health Practices,” Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 39, no. 4 (2009): 290–291; K.B. Wells et al., “Do Physicians Preach What They Practice? A Study of Physicians’ Health Habits and Counseling Practices,” Journal of the American Medical Association 252, no. 20 (1984): 2846-2848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

VanPuymbrouck, L., Friedman, C., and Feldner, H., “Explicit and Implicit Disability Attitudes of Healthcare Providers,” Rehabilitation Psychology 65, no. 2 (2020): 101–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Iezzoni, L.I., “Eliminating Health and Health Care Disparities among the Growing Population of People with Disabilities,” Health Affairs 30, no. 10 (2011): 1947–1954; G.L. Krahn, D.K. Walker, and R. Correa-De Araujo, “Persons with Disabilities as an Unrecognized Health Disparity Population,” American Journal of Public Health 105, no. S2 (2015): S198-206; L.I. Iezzoni et al., “Physicians’ Perceptions of People with Disability and Their Health Care,” Health Affairs 40, no. 2 (2021): 297-306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alsan, M., Garrick, O., and Graziani, G., “Does Diversity Matter for Health? Experimental Evidence from Oakland,” American Economic Review 109, no. 12 (2019): 4071–4111; J. Takeshita et al., “Association of Racial/Ethnic and Gender Concordance between Patients and Physicians with Patient Experience Ratings,” JAMA Network Open 3, no. 11 (2020): e2024583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haque, O.S. and Waytz, A., “Dehumanization in Medicine: Causes, Solutions, and Functions,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 7, no. 2 (2012): 176–186; M.A. Stein, J.E. Lord, and D.W. Tolchin, “Equal Access to Health Care under the UN Disability Rights Convention” in R. Rhodes, M. Battin, and A. Silvers, eds., Medicine and Social Justice: Essays on the Distribution and Care (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tolchin, D.W. and Stein, M.A., “Perspectives on the Status of Disability Education in US Physician Training,” Bioethica Forum 13, no. 37 (2020): 37–39.Google Scholar

DeThorne, L.S., ‘Revealing the Double Empathy Problem,’ The American Speech-Language Hearing Association (ASHA) Leader 25, no. 3 (2020): 58–65.Google Scholar

Haque, supra note 37.Google Scholar

Moore, S., Kinnear, M., and Freeman, L., “Autistic Doctors: Overlooked Assets to Medicine,” Lancet Psychiatry 7, no. 4 (2020): 306–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

R. Belisomo, “Dyslexia Needn’t Hold Doctors Back,” Reuters [Internet], Feb. 26, 2015, available at <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dyslexic-physicians/dyslexia-neednt-hold-doctors-back-idINKBN0LU2E520150226?edition-redirect=in> (last visited Nov. 30, 2022).+(last+visited+Nov.+30,+2022).>Google Scholar

Meeks, supra note 5; Haque, supra note 8.Google Scholar

ACGME Common Program Requirements (Residency) [Internet]. Chicago, IL: Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education; 2020 [cited 2021 Apr. 23]: 43-44, available at <https://www.acgme.org/What-We-Do/Accreditation/Common-Program-Requirements> (last visited Nov. 30, 2022).+(last+visited+Nov.+30,+2022).>Google Scholar

L. Meeks, “Ep 2: Erene Stergiopoulos,” April 23, 2021, Docs With Disabilities Podcast, available at <https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/family-medicine/programs/mdisability/transforming-medical-education/docswithdisabilities-podcast-ep-2-erene-stergiopoulos> (last visited Nov. 30, 2022).+(last+visited+Nov.+30,+2022).>Google Scholar

Snead, O.C., What It Means to Be Human: The Case for the Body in Public Bioethics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2020); J. E. Lord and M.A. Stein, “Contingent Participation and Coercive Care: Feminist and Communitarian Theories Consider Disability and Legal Capacity,” in B. McSherry and I. Freckleton, eds., Coercive Care: Rights, Law and Policy (1st ed.), (London: Routledge, 2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haque, supra note 8.Google Scholar