Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-rvbq7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-12T20:24:30.607Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Introduction: Merging Law, Human Rights, and Social Epidemiology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Introduction
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, HIV/AIDS and Human Rights: International Guidelines, HR/PUB/98/1 (New York: United Nations, 1998), available at <http://www.unaids.org/publications/documents/human/law/JC520-HumanRights-E.pdf>..>Google Scholar
See, e.g., Mann, J. Gruskin, S., and Grodin, M.A., Health and Human Rights: A Reader (New York: Routledge, 1999); Gostin, L. and Lazzarini, Z., Human Rights and Public Health in the AIDS Pandemic (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Susser, M., “Health as a Human Right: An Epidemiologist’s Perspective on the Public Health,” American Journal of Public Health, 83 (1993): 418–26; Jamar, S.D., “The International Human Right to Health,” Southern University Law Review, 22 (1994): 1–68.Google Scholar
See Mann, J.M. et al., “Health and Human Rights,” Health & Human Rights, 7 (1994): 723, at 13–16.Google Scholar
Mann, et al., supra note 3, at 18.Google Scholar
Mann, et al., supra note 3, at 21.Google Scholar
Mann, J.M., “Human Rights and AIDS: The Future of the Pandemic,” John Marshall Law Review, 30 (1996): 195206, at 199–200.Google Scholar
Mann, J.M., “Medicine and Public Health, Ethics and Human Rights,” Hastings Center Report, 27 (May-June 1997): 613, at 10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, , supra note 6, at 203.Google Scholar
Mann, et al., supra note 3, at 21.Google Scholar
Mann, , supra note 6, at 198.Google Scholar
Mann, , supra note 7, at 9.Google Scholar
Glendon, M.A., Rights Talk: The Impoverishment of Political Discourse (New York: Maxwell Macmillan, 1991).Google Scholar
Etzioni, A., “Law in Civil Society, Good Society, and the Prescriptive State,” Chicago-Kent Law Review, 75 (2000): 355–77.Google Scholar
See, e.g., Gostin, L.O., Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000); Gostin, L.O. Burris, S., and Lazzarini, Z., “The Law and the Public’s Health: A Study of Infectious Disease Law in the United States,” Columbia Law Review, 99 (1999): 59128.Google Scholar
See Gostin, and Lazzarini, , supra note 2; accord Gostin, L.O., “Human Rights of Persons with Mental Disabilities: The European Convention of Human Rights,” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 23 (2000): 125–59, at 125, 126–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, et al., supra note 3, at 10–11.Google Scholar
Gostin, , supra note 15, at 126 (citations omitted).Google Scholar
See, e.g., Black, D., The Behavior of Law (New York: Academic Press, 1976): at 2 (defining law as “governmental social control”).Google Scholar
See, e.g., Ewick, P. and Silbey, S., The Common Place of Law: Stories from Everyday Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998): 1823.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ewick, and Silbey, , supra note 19, at 20.Google Scholar
Id. at 20–23.Google Scholar
Sarat, A. and Kearns, T., “Beyond the Great Divide: Forms of Legal Scholarship and Everyday Life,” in Sarat, A. and Kearns, T., eds., Law in Everyday Life (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993): 2162, at 50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
This is the view associated today with people like Donald Black and Robert Ellickson. See, e.g., Ellickson, R., “A Critique of Economic and Sociological Theories of Social Control,” Journal of Legal Studies, 16 (1987): 6799, at 72–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahn, P, The Cultural Study of Law: Reconstructing Legal Scholarship (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999): at 124. For an elegant philosophical argument for a broader definition of law in social science, see Tamanaha, B.Z., Realistic Socio-Legal Theory; Pragmatism and a Social Theory of Law (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).Google Scholar
See Aral, S. Burris, S., and Shearing, C., “Health and the Governance of Security: A Tale of Two Systems,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 30, no. 4 (2002): 632–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarat, and Kearns, , supra note 22, at 21–22 (emphasis added).Google Scholar
See Tamanaha, , supra note 24.Google Scholar
See Cover, R., “Violence and the Word,” Yale Law Journal, 95 (1986): 1601–28, at 1601 (“Legal interpretation takes place upon a field of pain and death.”).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Zimring, F.E. and Hawkins, G.J., Deterrence: The Legal Threat in Crime Control (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973); Becker, G., “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach,” Journal of Political Economy, 76 (1968): 169217.Google Scholar
See Etzioni, A., “Social Norms: Internalization, Persuasion, and History,” Law and Society Review, 34 (2000): 157–78; Lessig, L., “The New Chicago School,” Journal of Legal Studies, XXVII, no. 2, part 2 (1998): 661–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Kuperan, K. and Sutinen, J.G., “Blue Water Crime: Deterrence, Legitimacy, and Compliance in Fisheries,” Law and Society Review, 32 (1998): 309–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Tyler, T.R., Why People Obey the Law (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990); Tyler, T.R., “Public Trust and Confidence in Legal Authorities: What Do Majority and Minority Group Members Want from the Law and Legal Institutions?,” Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 19 (2001): 215–35.Google Scholar
See Ewick, and Silbey, , supra note 19.Google Scholar
Burris, S., “Law and the Social Risk of Health Care: Lessons from HIV Testing,” Albany Law Review, 61 (1998): 831–95.Google Scholar
Sarat, and Kearns, , supra note 22.Google Scholar
Id. at 51 (citations omitted).Google Scholar
See Rose, G., “Sick Individuals and Sick Populations,” International Journal of Epidemiology, 14 (1985): 3238; Rose, G., The Strategy of Preventive Medicine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Link, B.G. and Phelan, J., “Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease,” Journal of Health & Social Behavior, extra issue (1995): 80–94. See also McGinnis, J.M. and Foege, W.H., “Actual Causes of Death in the United States,” JAMA, 270 (1993): 2207–12; Susser, M. and Susser, E., “Choosing a Future for Epidemiology: Eras, I. and Paradigms,” American ]ournal of Public Health, 86 (1996): 668-73; Susser, M. and Susser, E., “Choosing a Future for Epidemiology: 11. From Black Box to Chinese Boxes and Eco-Epidemiology,” American Journal of Public Health, 86 (1996): 674-77; Pearce, N., “Traditional Epidemiology, Modern Epidemiology, and Public Health,” American Journal of Public Health, 86 (1996): 678-83; Turshen, M., The Politics of Public Health (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1989); Blankenship, K.M., Bray, S.J., and Merson, M.H., “Structural Interventions in Public Health,” AIDS, 14, suppl. 1 (2000): Sll-21; Aral, S.O. et al., “Overview: Individual and Population Approaches to the Epidemiology and Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, 174, suppl. 2 (1996): S127–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Feinstein, J.S., “The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status and Health: A Review of the Literature,” Milbank Quarterly, 71 (1993): 279322; Lynch, J. and Kaplan, G., “Socioeconomic Position,” in Berkman, L. and Kawachi, I., eds., Social Epidemiology (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000): 13–35. See also Kibirige, J.S., “Population Growth, Poverty and Health,” Social Science & Medicine, 45 (1997): 247–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Syme, S.L. Foreword, in Berkman, L. and Kawachi, I., eds., Social Epidemiology (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000): ix-xii, at x.Google Scholar
See Rose, , “Sick Individuals and Sick Populations,” supra note 37, at 33.Google Scholar
Id. at 33–34. Cf. Link, B.G. and Phelan, J.C., “McKeown and the Idea That Social Conditions Are Fundamental Causes of Disease,” American Journal of Public Health, 92 (2002): 730–32 (noting related distinction between causes of health disparities and determinants of the absolute level of population health).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Id. at 34.Google Scholar
See, e.g., Pearce, , supra note 37; Susser, and Susser, , “Choosing a Future for Epidemiology: I. Eras and Paradigms,” supra note 37; Susser, and Susser, , “Choosing a Future for Epidemiology: II. From Black Box to Chinese Boxes and Eco-Epidemiology,” supra note 37.Google Scholar
McGinnis, and Foege, , supra note 37.Google Scholar
See, e.g., Kawachi, I., “Income Inequality and Health,” in Kawachi, I. and Berkman, L., eds., Social Epidemiology (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000): 7694, at 77; Lynch, and Kaplan, , supra note 38.Google Scholar
Link, and Phelan, , supra note 41, at 81.Google Scholar
Id. at 87.Google Scholar
Blane, D., “Editorial: Social Determinants of Health: Socioeconomic Status, Social Class, and Ethnicity,” American Journal of Public Health, 85 (1995): 903–04.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See, e.g., Brunner, E., “Toward a New Social Biology,” in Berkman, L. and Kawachi, I., eds., Social Epidemiology (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000): 306–51, at 307.Google Scholar
Krieger, N., “Discrimination and Health,” in Berkman, L. and Kawachi, I., eds., Social Epidemiology (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000): 3675, at 38–39. See also Berkman, L. and Kawachi, I., “A Historical Framework for Social Epidemiology,” in Berkman, L. and Kawachi, I., eds., Social Epidemiology (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000): 3–12, at 8–9 (describing three current hypotheses of how early life influences the onset of disease in later life).Google ScholarPubMed
Blankenship, Bray, , and Merson, , supra note 37, at S11. See Sumartojo, E., “Structural Factors in HIV Prevention: Concepts, Examples, and Implications for Research,” AIDS, 14, suppl. 1 (2000): S310.Google Scholar
Lazzarini, Z. and Klitzman, R., “HIV and the Law: Integrating Law, Policy, and Social Epidemiology,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 30, no. 4 (2002): 533–47. See also Drucker, E., “Epidemic in the War Zone: AIDS and Community Survival in New York City,” International Journal of Health Services, 20 (1990): 601–15, at 601, 602; Marks, G. Burris, S., and Peterman, T., “Reducing Sexual Transmission of HIV from Those Who Know They Are Infected: The Need for Personal and Collective Responsibility,” AIDS, 13 (1999): 297–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Herek, G.M. and Glunt, E.K., “An Epidemic of Stigma: Public Reaction to AIDS,” American Psychologist, 43 (1988): 886–91; Burris, S., “Gay Marriage and Public Health,” Temple Political & Civil Rights Law Review, 7 (1998): 417–27. See also Rosenberg, M.L. et al., “The Role of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education in HIV Prevention: Experience at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control,” in Sepulveda, J. Fineberg, H., and Mann, J., eds., AIDS Prevention Through Education: A World View (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992): 175–198, at 175; Choi, K.H. and Coates, T.J., “Prevention of HIV Infection,” AIDS, 8 (1994): 1371–89; Coates, T.J. et al., “HIV Prevention in Developed Countries,” Lancet, 348 (1996): 1143–48; Holtgrave, D.R. et al., “An Overview of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of HIV Prevention Programs,” Public Health Reports, 110 (1995): 134–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Gostin, L.O. et al., “FDA Regulation of Tobacco Advertising and Youth Smoking: Historical, Social, and Constitutional Perspectives,” JAMA, 277 (1997): 410–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marmot, M., “Multilevel Approaches to Understanding Social Determinants,” in Berkman, L. and Kawachi, I., eds., Social Epidemiology (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000): 349–67, at 353.Google Scholar
Id. at 354.Google Scholar
Id. at 351. Susser and Susser suggest a similar approach. See Susser, and Susser, , “Choosing a Future for Epidemiology: II, From Black Box to Chinese Boxes and Eco-Epidemiology,” supra note 37.Google Scholar