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The Cabildo and Colonial Loyalty to Hapsburg Rulers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Fredrick B. Pike
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Extract

A striking feature of Spanish-American colonial rule is the contrasting loyalty of cabildos to Hapsburg rulers during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and their restiveness and finally their role in fomenting the emancipation movements against Bourbon kings. The following article will attempt to explain the shift in cabildo attitudes.

Difficulties are at the outset encountered by the fact that, on the surface, there were at least two factors which might have been expected to lessen, rather than to nourish, the loyalty of local chambers to Hapsburg rulers. First, there was the indifference and apathy of council members in attending to the official business with which cabildos were theoretically concerned. This attitude suggests that councilmen realized they were, in spite of certain guarantees and legal prescriptions, a relatively impotent agency on the actual level of day-by-day administration.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Inter-American Studies , Volume 2 , Issue 4 , October 1960 , pp. 405 - 420
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 1960

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References

1 Libros de Cabildo de Lima (Lima, 1935-1950), October 15, 1534, I, 4. This work will be cited hereafter as Actas del Cabildo, Lima.

2 Ibid., September 20, 1538, I, 246.

3 Ibid., June 20, 1539, I, 344.

4 Ibid., XVI, notas, 583.

5 Ibid., January 4, 1556, III, 136.

6 Ibid., January 9, 1595, XII, 240-241.

7 Actas de Cabildo de la Ciudad de México (Mexico, D. F., 1889-1911), November 6, 1531, II, 140. This work will be cited hereafter as Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City.

8 Libros de Cabildo de Quito (Quito, 1934-1950), February 19, 1610, XX, 537. This work will be cited hereafter as Actas del Cabildo, Quito.

9 Actas del Cabildo de Santiago, in Colección de Historiadores de Chile y Documentos Relativos a la Historia Nacional (Santiago, 1861-1913), May 15, 1643, XXXII, 261. This work will be cited hereafter as Actas del Cabildo, Santiago.

10 Acuerdos del Extinguido Cabildo de Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires, 1907-1925), June 6, 1606, I, 209 ff. This work will be cited hereafter as Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires.

11 Ibid., September 3, 1619, IV, 69.

12 Actas del Cabildo, Lima, XIV, 183-186, 192.

13 Ibid., X, 60-89.

14 Ibid., 218-228.

15 Ibid., March 6, 1653, X, 245-246.

16 Actas del Cabildo de Santa Fe, in Manuel M. Cerrera, editor and annotator, Adas del Cabildo Colonial y varios otros Documentos Históricos de Santa Fe (Santa Fe, Argentina, 1924), I, 45-48.

This work will be cited hereafter as Actas del Cabildo, Santa Fe.

17 Actas del Cabildo de San Miguel de Ibarra, in Libros de Cabildo de Quito, XV, 53-56, 300-379.

This work will be cited hereafter as Actas del Cabildo, San Miguel de Ibarra.

18 Ibid., 379-614.

19 Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, January 9, 1562, VII, 8; December 22, 1564, VII, 228.

20 Ibid., October 8, 1642, XXVI, 370.

21 Actas del Cabildo, Quito, February 20, 1607, XX, 375-376.

22 Actas del Cabildo de Caracas (Caracas, 1943-1951), August 10, 1590, I, 157- 158.

This work will be cited hereafter as Actas del Cabildo, Caracas.

23 Actas del Cabildo, Santiago, January 10, 1550, I, 257.

24 Ibid., March 15, 1554, I, 410.

25 Ibid., April 12, 1614, XXV, 25.

26 Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires, July 19, 1634, VII, 403-404.

27 Ibid., May 15, 1651, V, 209.

28 Ibid., April 24, 1668, XIII, 44-45.

29 Ibid., February 4, 1682, XVI, 62-88; May 13, 1682, XVI, 81-83; January 22, 1692, XVIII; July 5, 1698, XVIII, 488-489.

30 Ibid., August 22, 1672, VIII, 458-459; May 27, 1694, XVIII, 229.

31 Lima and, in most years of the seventeenth century, Mexico City, were exceptions to the pattern of municipal poverty. In 1663, for example, Lima's cabildo had an income of 22,428 pesos, and expenditures of 21,744. Actas del Cabildo, Lima, XI, appendix, 790-794; XVI, appendix, 567-568. Mexico City also enjoyed generally in the seventeenth century an annual income of between twenty and thirty thousand pesos.

32 See Pike, Fredrick B., “Public Work and Social Welfare in Colonial Spanish American Towns,” The Americas, XIII (April, 1957), especially pp. 366–369.Google Scholar

33 Actas del Cabildo, Lima, March 4, 1596, XII, 450-451.

34 Actas del Cabildo, San Miguel de Ibarra, September 24, 1607, XV, 70-74. Fundación Española del Cuzco y Ordenanzas para su Gobierno: Restauración mandadas ejecutar del Primer Libro de Cabildos de la Ciudad por el Virrey del Perú, Don Francisco de Toledo (Lima, 1926), 85.

35 Actas del Cabildo, Lima, XVI, notas, 599-600. See also Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires, November 10, 1605, I, 162-163 and Cobo, Bernabé, Historia de la Fundación de Lima, in Monografías Históricas sobre la Ciudad de Lima, (Lima, 1935), 76.Google Scholar

36 Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires, October 20, 1651, X, 214-215.

37 Actas del Cabildo, Quito, June 12, 1606, XX, 315. See also Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires, October 20, 1651, X, 216.

38 Actas del Cabildo, Caracas, IV, xiii, May 10, 1619. Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, April 6, 1591, X, 169. Actas del Cabildo, Lima, July 19, 1596, XII, 510. Actas del Cabildo, Quito, May 12, 1606, XX, 309.

39 Actas del Cabildo, Lima, December 10, 1670, XXXVII, 8; January 7, 1698, XLIV, 131.

40 Actas del Cabildo, Santiago, November 22, 1698, XLIV, 208-209.

41 Víctor M. Barriga, editor and annotator, Documentos para la Historia de Arequipa (Arequipa, 1939), August 10, 1555, I, 359.

42 Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, September 23, 1566, VII, 296; June 17, 1566, 303; September 30, 1569, 452.

43 Ibid., February 15, 1528, I, 159; July 9, 1590, X, 5. See also Pike, , “Algunos Aspectos de la Ejecución de las Leyes Municipales en la América Española durante la Época de los Austrias,” Revista de Indias, XVIII (Abril-Junio, 1958), especially pp. 220 ff.Google Scholar

44 Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, June 30, 1640, XXVI, 76.

45 Actas del Cabildo, Lima, January 22, 1596, XII, 418. It will be recalled that approximately twenty thousand pesos was the annual average income for Lima's cabildo during the seventeenth century. See note 31.

46 Ibid., February 16, 1596, XII, 432-433; April 29, 1596, 582; May 10, 1596, 487.

47 Ibid., October 2, 1615, XVII, 834-846; October 23, 858; November 23, 893.

48 Actas del Cabildo, Quito, May 25, 1604, XX, 115.

49 Ibid., October 12, 1607, XX, 398; October 15, 400.

50 Actas del Cabildo, Santiago, June 19, 1671, XXXVIII, 152.

51 Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires, September 10, 1618, IV, 69; March 15 1632, VII, 331.

52 Actas del Cabildo, Lima, April 29, 1613, XVIII, 383; May 29, 1615, XVIII, 795.

53 Ibid., municipal budget for 1633, XVI, appendix, 589.

54 Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, May 19, 1653, XXVI, 457.

55 Ibid., April 6, 1592, X, 169.

56 Actas del Cabildo, Lima, July 19, 1596, XII, 510.

57 Actas del Cabildo, Quito, April 14, 1609, XX, 476-477.

58 Colección de Algunos Documentos sobre los primeros tiempos de Arequipa, mandados publicar por el Consejo Provincial con ocasión del primer centenario de la Batalla de Ayacucho (Arequipa, 1924), 125.

59 Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, October 8, 1642, XXVI, 370.

60 Actas del Cabildo, Quito, July 3, 1545, III, 196-197.

61 Actas del Cabildo, Lima, November 27, 1545, XIII, 27.

62 Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, October 18, 1642, XXVI, 370.

63 Actas del Cabildo, Quito, June 19, 1603, XX, 31-36; February 20, 1607, XX, 375-376.

64 Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires, April 24, 1668, XIII, 44-45.

65 See Pike, , “The Municipality and the System of Checks and Balances in Spanish American Colonial Administration,” The Americas, XV (October, 1958, especially pp. 151–158.Google Scholar

66 Lynch, John, “Intendants and Cabildos in the Viceroyalty of La Plata, 1782- 1810,” Hispanic-American Historical Review, XXXV (August, 1955), 337–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar