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Peru Moves onto the Iron and Steel Map of the Western Hemisphere

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

C. Langdon White  and
Gary Chenkin
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Extract

On April 21, 1958, Peru joined Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, and Chile to bring to five the number of Latin American nations possessing integrated steel mills. Whether these countries should engage in heavy industry is beside the point; they are determined to make iron and steel, for they fervently believe that an iron and steel industry is the inevitable harbinger of progress. There is simultaneously a belief that the export of raw materials and the import of manufactured goods implies “colonial” status. Sensitive national pride rebels against the thought that raw materials producers are “hewers of wood and drawers of water” for the industriallyadvanced countires.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Inter-American Studies , Volume 1 , Issue 3 , July 1959 , pp. 377 - 386
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 1959

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References

1 An integrated steel plant is one whose facilities cover the whole gamut of steel-making operations from the mining and quarrying of raw materials to the manufacture of finished products for the consumer.

2 See White, C. Langdon, “Industrialization: A Panacea for Underdeveloped Nations?”, Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers, Vol. 17, 1955.

3 Staley, Eugene, The Future of Underdeveloped Countries, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1954, p. 23.Google Scholar

4 Hall, Maurice A. and Rogow, Arnold A., “Problems of Industrialization in Latin America”, Inter-American Economic Affairs, Vol. IV, winter, 1950, pp. 44-56.

5 White, C. Langdon and Alderson, Donald J., “Industrialization: Panacea for Latin America?”, Journal of Geography, Vol. LVI, October, 1957, pp. 325-332.

6 Murden, F.D., “Underdeveloped Lands: Revolution of Rising Expectations”, Foreign Policy Association: Headline Series, No. 119, 1956.

7 There are many examples of underdeveloped nations’ embarking upon ambitious projects on the basis of no more than the general desire to industrialize and with almost no information or background of the many technical, social, and economic data upon which the success of such projects depends. If industrialization is pushed too fast, it invariably leads to a shortage of consumer goods, to agricultural distress, to inflation, and to inability to compete in world markets. See Vaughan, Ernest H., A Study of the Development of National Steel Plants in Selected Latin American Countries, Ph.D. Dissertation, Austin: University of Texas, January 19, 1955.

8 Ability to compete is not always a determining factor in Latin American industrialization.

9 United Nations, A Study of the Iron and Steel Industry in Latin America, New York, 1954, Vol. 11G3, p. 42.

10 Price, John D., Some Aspects of Latin American Coal Reserves. Published by the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Inc., New York, 1953.

11 U. S. Bureau of Mines, Mineral Trade Notes, Vol. 47, August, 1958, p. 10.

12 Beneficiation of ore simply means improvement and concentration of the ironbearing minerals. It produces a concentrate of high iron content, enabling the operators to economize on shipping charges.

13 U.S. Bureau of Mines, Mineral Trade Notes, Vol. 46, June, 1958, p. 21.

14 Müller, B.M., “Discussion on the Paper—Features from the Planning of an Electric Smelting Plant for Pig Iron at Mo i Rana”, Journal of Iron and Steel Institute, Vol. 164, February, 1950, pp. 170-171; and Christiansen, H., “A Brief History of Electric Pig Iron Smelting in Norway”, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, Vol. 162, May, 1949, pp. 11-12.

15 U.S. Bureau of Mines, Mineral Trade Notes, Vol. 46, June, 1958, p. 21.

16 White, C. Langdon, “Water — Neglected Factor in the Geographic Literature of Iron and Steel”, The Geographical Review, Vol. XLVII, October, 1957, pp. 463-489.

17 Harris, Chancy D., “The Market as a Factor in the Localization of Industry in the United States”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. XLIV, December, 1954, pp. 316-319.

18 Chase National Bank, “Industrialization”, Latin-American Business Highlights, December, 1952, p. 3.

19 Davenport, John, “Why Peru Pulls Dollars”, Fortune, Vol. 54, November, 1956, p. 131.

20 Noticias, Vol. XIV, No. 37, week ending September 16, 1958, p. 6.

21 Chase National Bank, “Iron and Steel”, Latin American Business Highlights, December, 1956, p. 2.

22 The capacity of Sparrows Point, largest producing center in the United States, is 8,200,000 annual ingot tons.

23 Fairless, Benjamin F., from an address before the Sales Executive Club of New York, February 6, 1951.

24 In 1957 and 1958, Peru lived beyond its earnings and had both an unfavorable balance of payments and a foreign-exchange deficit.

25 Hansons Latin American Letter, Washington, D.C., No. 9, May 26, 1945, p. 1.

26 In openly-competitive lines, European competitors frequently submit bids 20 to 30 per cent below those of United States’ companies. Belgium-Luxembourg customarily submits the lowest bids. In 1958, however, the United Kingdom was reputed to have the lowest prices in Europe.