Investigators up to the time of Monticelli (1891), with the exception of Weinland (1858), considered the proteocephalan group of fish cestodes to belong to the genus Taenia. It was Weinland (1858) who removed them from this genus, and erected the genus Proteocephalus for them.

Linstow (1891), was the first to point out that the fish species made a closely related group within the genus Taenia on account of certain constantly occurring characters. In the same year, Monticelli pointed out that in these fish “Taenias”, as then known, some showed marked differences from the rest, notably in the cortical position of the testes, and that these justified their separation as the genus Tetracotylus.

Paruterina quelea sp. nov. is described, and brief details given of P. zambicnsis Mettrick, 1960, and P. pentamyzos Mettrick, 1960. Details of all the species at present in the genus Paruterina are listed.

Re-descriptions are given of Metroliasthes lucida Ransom, 1900, and Biuterina rectangula Fuhrmann, 1908.

1. Brevicaecum niloticum McClelland, 1957 is redescribed and differences from the original description are pointed out.

2. The characters of the genus Brevicaecum are amended.

3. A new subfamily Brevicaecinae is erected for the genus Brevicaecum.

The results of the examination for helminth parasites of 146 Larus ridibundus, ten L. argentalus and eight L. fuscus are presented. Thirty-six parasite species were found, 27 from L. ridibundus, 21 from L. argentatus and 19 from L. fuscus. The trematodes Apophallus muhlingi, Aporchis massiliensis, Brachylecithum microtesticulatum, Knipowitschetrema echinatum, and Philophthalmus lucipetus are described. A list of British records of helminth parasites from L. ridibundus, L. argentatus and L. fuscus is appended.

1. Characters of taxonomic value in the family Philometridae are discussed; the important structures taken into account are the cuticle, cephalic papillae, oesophagus and the tail of the parasite.

2. Two new species of Philometra are described and Ph. lateolabracis Yamguti, 1935 is redescribed from new fishes of the Arabian Sea.

3. Two new subgenera have been made under the genus Philometra and named as Ranjhinema and Alinetna.

4. Philomeiroides piedropliies (Johnston and Mawson, 1940) and Ph. anguillac (Ishii, 1916) are redescribed.

5. Buckleyella and Thwaitia are described as new genera, the diagnosis being based on the structure of the cuticle, cephalic papillae and the tail.

6. A key to the genera of Philometridae is provided with the diagnosis of each genus and subgenus. Some of the species formerly described under Philometra are provisionally transferred to other genera of this family.

(1) Trichinella spiralis is widespread in East Africa. It has been found in man, bush pig, leopard, serval cat, spotted hyaena, striped hyaena, jackal, lion and domestic dog. It has never been found in the domestic pig nor in rodents, neither has it been found in carnivores which feed mainly on rodents.

(2) Preliminary attempts to transmit the infection from man, hyaenas, jackal and lion to small laboratory animals such as rats, mice, hamsters and rabbits showed that although the Kenya strain was morphologically typical of T. spiralis, it was of exceptionally low infectivity in these animals.

(3) A strain from the serval cat (Felis serval) was eventually established in the laboratory by passage through the mongoose, Myonax sanguineus, and through monkeys and baboons.

Several specimens of this species were collected by the writer from the intestine of the Nile soft shelled turtle Trionyx triunguis (Forskal) (= T. niloticus) from the White Nile near Khartoum area in the Sudan.

Sixteen specimens of a small trematode, belonging to the genus Leipertrema Sandosham, 1951, were collected from the intestine of a male Callosciurns notatus. This squirrel was caught at Subang, Selangor, Federation of Malaya,. on 17th December. 1960. The specimens differ from the only other member of the genus, Leipertrema rewelli Sandosham, 1951 from the pancreas of one Orang Utan, Pongo pygmaeus, (type specimens examined) and require description.

1. Dipetalonema dracunculoides (Cobbold, 1870), has been found in dogs (Canis familiaris), in the Turkana District of Kenya and in a hyaena (Crocuta crocuta), in the Southern Rift Valley.

2. The dimensions of six male and six female worms agree with previous descriptions from hyaenas and dogs in Africa and from dogs in Portugal.

3. Infective larvae were found in seven out of ten Hippobosca longipennis taken from a heavily infected dog.

4. Morphologically the infective larvae are similar to those of other Dipetalonema spp., but they are much larger, averaging 2,400μ in length and 35μ in breadth with a tail length of 85μ.

5. In Africa the distribution of the parasite coincides with the distribution of H. longipennis on dogs and hyaenas.

6. This is the first time that a hippoboscid fly has been incriminated as the vector of a filarial worm. It is suggested that many other filarial species may be transmitted by Hippoboscidae.

A predaceous fungus, Acrostalagmus sp., was found attacking the larvae of Haemonchus contortus in cultures of sheep faeces. An attempt to propagate the fungus in maize meal and infect cultures of faeces was unsuccessful. Administration to sheep of material from faecal cultures containing the fungus gave inconclusive results. The possible use of fungi of this type, which attack their prey by penetration of the cuticle after spores have become adherent, as a means for biological control of nematode parasites is briefly discussed.

The members of the genus Falcaustra are mainly parasites of tortoises. Of the 17 species of Falcaustra described from Asia, only 2 are parasitic in amphibians. Baylis (1933), recorded 3 species of Falcaustra from Malayan tortoises and Balasingam (1961), recorded another from Testudo emys from Malaya. The present paper records for the first time 3 new species of Falcaustra from Malayan amphibians for which the following names are proposed: Falcaustra purchoni sp.nov., F. pahangi sp.nov. and F. dubia sp.nov.

Previous work in parafilariasis and histological study of the causal nematode in skin nodules, collected from bubaline hosts on biopsy from Orissa, is outlined. The present study relates to some observations made from the gravid female with special reference to its anterior end and the histopathology of the skin lesions. The specimens of Parafilaria bovicola Tubangui, 1934, recovered locally from ox, have been compared and the available specific characters of P. sahaii, reported from buffalo, scrutinised. This form is not considered a valid species and accordingly dropped as a synonym of P. bovicola.

1. A new species, Anthobothrium taeniuri n.sp., has been described from the spiral intestine of the sting ray, Taeniura lymma from the Red Sea and compared with related species.

2. The two genera Rhodobothrium Linton, 1889 and Inermipyllidium Riser, 1955 are considered to be synonyms of Anthobothrium van. Beneden, 1850.

Three species of nematodes were collected from some Malayan frogs and toads. Two of these are bursate nematodes, one of which belongs to a new genus for which the name Batrachostrongylus gen. nov. is proposed. The genus Batrachostrongylus has structural features of both the families Strongylidae and Trichostrongylidae. The other bursate nematode, namely Oswaldocruzia hoepplii Hsu is widely distributed in the Far East and this is the first record from the Malaysian region. This species shows considerable variation throughout its range. Another new species, Abbreviata bufonis sp. nov. is from Bufo asper Boulenger. Although the larval form of Abbreviata ranae (Walton), the only representative of the genus in Amphibia has been recorded from U.S.A., this is the first record of an adult Abbreviata parasitic in Amphibia.

Dr. C. H. Fernando, University of Singapore, sent me 3 trematodes, preserved in formalin, from the intestine of the carnivorous turtle Trionyx sp., which was bought in the market in Singapore having probably been caught in Johore, South Malaya. Two of the trematodes belong to a new species of Orientodiscus (Paramphistomata).

The worms were stained with Grenadier's Carminalum and all drawings were made with Leitz' drawing prism. Serial cross-sections were later made from one specimen, and excretory and lymphatic systems were reconstructed from these. In order to get living specimens, 4 specimens of Trionyx phayrii and 3 specimens of Dogania subplana were bought in the market in Kuala Lumpur. One Trionyx harboured 2 and another 27 specimens of large amphistomatous trematodes, which were found to belong to another new species of the same genus. They were first studied alive, then pressed, fixed in Bouin's fixing fluid and stained with Grenadier's Carminalum. Serial cross-sections were made of 3 specimens.

Using the larvicidal anthelmintic “Neguvon”, infections of calves with H. placei were terminated at the time of the moult from the fourth to the fifth stage. A comparison was then made between the level of immunity developed by calves which had experienced, third and fourth stages, third, fourth and fifth stages, and parasite free calves. The results suggested that the principal stage necessary to produce a substantial immunity was the fifth. Evidence was also produced to associate a local reaction in the abomasum characterised by oedema and aggregations of eosinophils in the mucosa with immunity to challenge.