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Shock waves and phase changes in a large-heat-capacity fluid emerging from a tube

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 April 2006

Philip A. Thompson ,
Garry C. Carofano  and
Yoon-Gon Kim
Philip A. Thompson
Affiliation:
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12181
Garry C. Carofano
Affiliation:
Benet Weapons Laboratory, Watervliet, NY 12189
Yoon-Gon Kim
Affiliation:
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12181
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Abstract

The emergence of a shockwave from the open end of a shock tube is studied, with special emphasis on test fluids of high molar heat capacity, i.e. retrograde fluids. A variety of wavelike vapour-liquid phase changes are observed in such fluids, including the liquefaction shock, mixture-evaporation shock, condensation waves associated with shock splitting and liquid-evaporation waves (these phenomena have analogues in the polymorphic phase changes of solids; only the first two are treated in this paper). The open end of the shock-tube test section discharges into an observation chamber where photographs of the emerging flow are taken. Calculations were performed with the Benedict-Webb-Rubin, van der Waals and other equations of state. Numerical (finite-difference) predictions of the flow were made for single-phase and two-phase flows: solutions were tested against the experimental shock diffraction and vortex data of Skews. The phase-change properties of the test fluid can be quantified by the ‘retrogradicity’ r(T), measuring the difference in slope between the P, T isentrope and the vapour-pressure curve, and the ‘kink’ k(T), measuring the difference between the single-phase and mixture sound speeds. Mixture-evaporation (i.e. rarefaction) shocks appear to have a sonic-sonic or double Chapman-Jouguet structure and show agreement with amplitude predictions based on k(T). Liquefaction shocks are found to show a reproducible transition from regular, smooth shock fronts to irregular, chaotic shock fronts with increasing shock Mach number. This transition can be correlated with published stability limits.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 166 , May 1986 , pp. 57 - 92
Copyright
© 1986 Cambridge University Press

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