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Strength of nonhuman primate studies of developmental programming: review of sample sizes, challenges, and steps for future work

Part of: DOHaD on International Women's Day 2020

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 September 2019

Hillary F. Huber Open the ORCID record for Hillary F. Huber [Opens in a new window] ,
Susan L. Jenkins ,
Cun Li  and
Peter W. Nathanielsz
Hillary F. Huber*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
Susan L. Jenkins
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
Cun Li
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
Peter W. Nathanielsz
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
*
Address for correspondence: Hillary F. Huber, Texas Pregnancy & Life-Course Health Research Center, Herff Building 13, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA. Email: hhuber4@uwyo.edu
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Abstract

Nonhuman primate (NHP) studies are crucial to biomedical research. NHPs are the species most similar to humans in lifespan, body size, and hormonal profiles. Planning research requires statistical power evaluation, which is difficult to perform when lacking directly relevant preliminary data. This is especially true for NHP developmental programming studies, which are scarce. We review the sample sizes reported, challenges, areas needing further work, and goals of NHP maternal nutritional programming studies. The literature search included 27 keywords, for example, maternal obesity, intrauterine growth restriction, maternal high-fat diet, and maternal nutrient reduction. Only fetal and postnatal offspring studies involving tissue collection or imaging were included. Twenty-eight studies investigated maternal over-nutrition and 33 under-nutrition; 23 involved macaques and 38 baboons. Analysis by sex was performed in 19; minimum group size ranged from 1 to 8 (mean 4.7 ± 0.52, median 4, mode 3) and maximum group size from 3 to 16 (8.3 ± 0.93, 8, 8). Sexes were pooled in 42 studies; minimum group size ranged from 2 to 16 (mean 5.3 ± 0.35, median 6, mode 6) and maximum group size from 4 to 26 (10.2 ± 0.92, 8, 8). A typical study with sex-based analyses had group size minimum 4 and maximum 8 per sex. Among studies with sexes pooled, minimum group size averaged 6 and maximum 8. All studies reported some significant differences between groups. Therefore, studies with group sizes 3–8 can detect significance between groups. To address deficiencies in the literature, goals include increasing age range, more frequently considering sex as a biological variable, expanding topics, replicating studies, exploring intergenerational effects, and examining interventions.

Keywords

Maternal obesityintrauterine growth restrictionmaternal nutritionmaternal nutrient reductionmaternal western style diet
Type
Review
Information
Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease , Volume 11 , Issue 3 , June 2020 , pp. 297 - 306
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press and the International Society for Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 2019

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Footnotes

Institution at which work was performed: Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.

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