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Publicity and Popery on the Restoration Stage: Elkanah Settle’s The Empress of Morocco in Context

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 December 2012

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Copyright © North American Conference of British Studies 2012

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References

1 This contrasts with the presence of a small but important body of historical scholarship on the political significance of theater in the early Stuart and Augustan periods. See, e.g., Sharpe, Kevin, Criticism and Compliment: The Politics of Literature in the England of Charles I (Cambridge, 1987), 179264Google Scholar; Lake, Peter, The Antichrist’s Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England (New Haven, CT, 2002), 621700Google Scholar, and “From Leicester his Commonwealth to Sejanus his Fall: Ben Jonson and the Politics of Roman (Catholic) Virtue,” in Catholics and the “Protestant Nation,” ed. Shagan, Ethan (Manchester, 2005), 128–61Google Scholar; Lake, Peter and Cogswell, Thomas, “Buckingham Does the Globe: Henry VIII and the Politics of Popularity in the 1620s,” Shakespeare Quarterly 60, no. 1 (Spring 2009): 253–78Google Scholar; Smith, Hannah, “Politics, Patriotism, and Gender: The Standing Army Debate on the English Stage, circa 1689–1720,” Journal of British Studies 50, no. 1 (January 2011): 4875CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Wilson, Kathleen, The Island Race: Englishness, Empire, and Gender in the Eighteenth Century (London, 2003), 6270, 88–89, 138–40, 162–67Google Scholar.

2 Lake, Peter and Questier, Michael, “Papists, Puritans and the Public Sphere: The Campion Affair in Context,” Journal of Modern History 72, no. 3 (September 2000): 587627CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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4 See, e.g., Smith, “Politics, Patriotism, and Gender,” 54; Pincus, Steven, “Shadwell’s Dramatic Trimming,” in Religion, Literature, and Politics in Post-Reformation England, 1540–1688, ed. Hamilton, Donna B. and Strier, Richard (Cambridge, 1996), 253–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Montaño, John Patrick, Courting the Moderates (Cranbury, NJ, 2002), chap. 4Google Scholar.

5 Habermas, Structural Transformation, 39 (citing Trevelyan).

6 Even the only scholar to explicitly describe drama as an element of the Restoration public sphere limits her analysis to printed play texts because she shares this assumption: Turner, Dorothy, “Restoration Drama in the Public Sphere: Propaganda, the Playhouse, and Published Drama,” Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Theatre Research 12, no. 1 (Summer 1997): 1839Google Scholar.

7 Owen, Susan, Restoration Theatre and Crisis (Oxford, 1996), 1621 and chaps. 6–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar; quotations on 20, 203, and 238. Scholars who do see Restoration plays as propaganda argue that they were simple appeals to loyalty or absolutism: Maguire, Nancy Klein, Regicide and Restoration: English Tragicomedy, 1660–1671 (Cambridge, 1992)Google Scholar; Canfield, J. Douglas, Heroes and States (Lexington, KY, 2000)Google Scholar.

8 Harris, Tim, Restoration (New York, 2005), 214Google Scholar. For other statements of this view, see Harris, Restoration, 68–70, 215, and 289–90, London Crowds in the Reign of Charles II (Cambridge, 1987), 2729, 130–31, 166Google Scholar, and “‘Venerating the Honesty of a Tinker’: The King’s Friends and the Battle for the Allegiance of the Common People in Restoration England,” in The Politics of the Excluded, c. 1500–1850, ed. Harris, Tim (New York, 2001), 195232CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Harth, Phillip, Pen for a Party (Princeton, NJ, 1993)Google Scholar; Knights, Mark, Politics and Opinion in Crisis, 1678–81 (Cambridge, 1994), chaps. 9–10 (to be contrasted with 116–17)Google Scholar; Lake, Peter and Pincus, Steve, “Rethinking the Public Sphere in Early Modern England,” Journal of British Studies 45, no. 2 (April 2006): 280–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Turner, “Restoration Drama in the Public Sphere.” On the supposedly ironic and paradoxical nature of Tory public politics, see Harris, Restoration, 289; Kemp, Geoff, “L’Estrange and the Publishing Sphere,” in Fear, Exclusion, and Revolution, ed. McElligott, Jason (Burlington, VT, 2006), 6790Google Scholar; and Turner, Dorothy, “Roger L’Estrange’s Deferential Politics in the Public Sphere,” Seventeenth Century 13, no. 1 (Spring 1998): 85101Google Scholar.

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10 On Catholic engagement in public politics in both earlier and later periods, see, inter alios, Lake and Questier, “Papists, Puritans and the Public Sphere”; Questier, Michael, “Catholic Loyalism in Early Stuart England,” English Historical Review 123, no. 504 (October 2008): 1132–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Glickman, Gabriel, The English Catholic Community, 1688–1745 (Woodbridge, 2009)Google Scholar.

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12 Lake and Pincus, “Rethinking the Public Sphere,” 274, 278; Harris, Restoration, 215; and Pincus, 1688, 150–53, 170–71.

13 Botica, Allan Richard, “Audience, Playhouse and Play in Restoration Theatre, 1660–1710” (DPhil diss., University of Oxford, 1985), 157Google Scholar.

14 Ibid., 12–13, 48, 59–60, 71–77, 110–114, 132–33, 156–58, 181; Dawson, Mark S., Gentility and the Comic Theatre in Late Stuart London (Cambridge, 2005), pt. 2Google Scholar; Hume, Robert D., “The Economics of Culture in London, 1660–1740,” Huntington Library Quarterly 69, no. 4 (December 2006): 487532CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and The Nature of the Dorset Garden Theatre,” Theatre Notebook 36, no. 3 (October 1982): 99109Google Scholar; Love, Harold, “Who Were the Restoration Audience?Yearbook of English Studies 10, special no. (1980): 2144CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Maguire, Regicide and Restoration, 104–5.

15 Botica, “Audience, Playhouse, and Play,” 28–29, 38–41, 240, 364–65; Dawson, Gentility and the Comic Theatre, pt. 2.

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21 Payne, Deborah C., “Patronage and the Dramatic Marketplace under Charles I and II,” Yearbook of English Studies 21, special no. (1991): 137–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Milhous, Judith, Thomas Betterton and the Management of Lincoln’s Inn Fields, 1695–1708 (Carbondale, IL, 1979), chaps. 1–2Google Scholar.

22 When The Empress of Morocco was performed, many of the actors as well as the major external investors in the company were former royalist soldiers and courtiers. Hotson, Leslie, The Commonwealth and Restoration Stage (Cambridge, MA, 1928), 231CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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26 This article seeks to accommodate both the topical or “old historicist” and thematic or “tropological” approaches adopted by critics over the course of the past century. See Hume, “The Politics of Opera”; Harth, Phillip, “Political Interpretations of Venice Preserv’d,” Modern Philology 85, no. 4 (May 1988): 345–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Owen, Susan, “Interpreting the Politics of Restoration Drama,” The Seventeenth Century 8, no. 1 (Spring 1993): 6797Google Scholar; and Owen, Restoration Theatre and Crisis, 31–32.

27 Harth, Pen for a Party, 54–55.

28 Turner, “Restoration Drama in the Public Sphere,” 21, 25, 27, 30.

29 See also Lake, “From Leicester his Commonwealth to Sejanus his Fall,” 131–33.

30 Owen, Restoration Theatre and Crisis, 141–43, 260–67.

31 Harris, London Crowds, 101–6.

32 Settle, Elkanah, A Narrative (London, 1683)Google Scholar, An Heroick Poem (London, 1685)Google Scholar, The Present State of England in Relation to Popery (London, 1684)Google Scholar, and A Panegyrick Upon my Lord Chief Justice Jeffreys (London, 1684)Google Scholar.

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34 Settle, Elkanah, Mare Clausum: or a Ransack for the Dutch (London, 1666)Google Scholar.

35 Brown, Elkanah Settle, 8–11.

36 Boswell, Eleanore, The Restoration Court Stage (Cambridge, MA, 1932), 22, 134Google Scholar.

37 Settle, Narrative, “The Epistle Dedicatory”; Anon., Reflexions Upon a Late Pamphlet, Intituled, a Narrative (London, 1683), 2Google Scholar.

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39 Settle, Elkanah, The Empress of Morocco (London, 1673)Google Scholar, sigs. a2v.–a3v. Henceforth all references to this play will take the form of page references to this edition.

40 This conservative attendance estimate is based on daily attendance figures for other successful plays from the period; see Botica, “Audience, Playhouse and Play,” 132–33, 158. The play was also performed in December 1673, November 1674, July 1682, and (tellingly) September 1686 (along with a new print edition). Other performance dates include 1697 (with another printing), 1701, 1704, and 1708. Doyle, Anne T., Elkanah Settle’s “Empress of Morocco” and the Controversy Surrounding It: A Critical Edition (New York, 1987), viiviiiGoogle Scholar; Schneider, Ben Ross Jr., Index to the London Stage, 1660–1800 (Carbondale, IL, 1979), 757Google Scholar.

41 Harris, Crowds, and “Venerating the Honesty of a Tinker”; Backscheider, Paula R., Spectacular Politics (Baltimore, 1993), pt. 1Google Scholar; Montaño, Courting the Moderates, chap. 4.

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43 Marsden, Jean, “Spectacle, Horror, and Pathos,” in The Cambridge Companion to Restoration Theatre, ed. Fisk, Deborah Payne (Cambridge, 2000), 176–79Google Scholar. On the masque and its music, see Price, Curtis A., Music in the Restoration Theatre (Ann Arbor, MI, 1979), xv, 30–31, 82–83, 133Google Scholar.

44 See Maguire, Regicide and Restoration.

45 Settle, Empress of Morocco, quotations on 8 and 64.

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48 See, e.g., Addison, West Barbary; Osborne, Thomas, Politicall Reflections upon the Government of the Turks (London, 1656)Google Scholar; and Rycaut, Paul, The Present State of the Ottoman Empire (London, 1667)Google Scholar.

49 Contrast the following analysis with Birchwood, Matthew, Staging Islam in England (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 2008), 156–60Google Scholar; Iwanisziw, Susan B., “Tortured Bodies, Factionalism, and Unsettled Loyalties in Settle’s Morocco Plays,” in Staging Pain, 1580–1800, ed. Allard, James Robert and Martin, Matthew R. (Burlington, VT, 2009), 111–38Google Scholar; and Dalporto, Jeannie, “The Succession Crisis and Elkanah Settle’s The Conquest of China by the Tartars,” Eighteenth Century 45, no. 2 (Summer 2004): 131–46Google Scholar.

50 Settle, Empress of Morocco, 10.

51 Letters Addressed from London to Sir Joseph Williamson, ed. Christie, William Dougal, 2 vols. (New York, 1965), 1:8384Google Scholar.

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56 Christie, Letters to Williamson, 1:44, 46–48, 50–51, 55–57, 59–61, 63, 65–68, 73–75, quotes on 51 and 67; Hinds, Venice, 38:68–69.

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58 Christie, Letters to Williamson, 1:84–85, 90–91, 95, 99, 102, 104, 105–56, 108–9, quote on 85; Hinds, Venice, 38:71, 76–77.

59 Pierre du Moulin, Englands Appeal from the Private Cabal at White-Hall to the Great Council of the Nation (n.p., 1673); Haley, K. H. D., William of Orange and the English Opposition, 1672–4 (Oxford, 1953), 98111Google Scholar.

60 Montaño, Courting the Moderates, chap. 6, 170–71; Pincus, “From Butterboxes to Wooden Shoes,” 348; Jacob, James R., Henry Stubbe: Radical Protestantism and the Early Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1983), 109–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

61 Miller, Popery and Politics, 58, 124, 132; Lord, George de Forest, ed., Poems on Affairs of State, 7 vols. (New Haven, CT, 1963), 1:204–11Google Scholar.

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63 On Mary Anne of Württemberg, see Mordaunt, Succint Genealogies, 418–19.

64 Settle, Empress of Morocco, 2, 27. See also 37 and 54.

65 Ibid., 29.

66 Ibid., 1–3, 47. See also 49.

67 Ibid., 7–10, 13, 20–24, 31, 37. See also 41.

68 Ibid., 13.

69 Ibid., 7, 12, 19–20, 25, 32–33, 56, 68.

70 Ibid., 61.

71 Ibid., 24, 38–39.

72 Ibid., 62–64.

73 Ibid., 1–3, 13, 16–17, 31, 37.

74 Ibid., 5–6, 9, 11, 14, 18, 44, 52, 70.

75 Settle, Mare Clausum, 4–6.

76 Settle, Empress of Morocco, 10.

77 Pincus, 1688, chaps. 5–6.

78 Glickman, English Catholic Community, esp. 14–18, 224, 250–51, 257; Pincus, 1688, 118–78.

79 Settle, Empress of Morocco, 24, 34, 36.

80 Ibid., 2, 4, 6, 14, 18.

81 Ibid., 15.

82 Brown, Laura, English Dramatic Form, 1660–1760 (New Haven, CT, 1981), chaps. 1, 3Google Scholar; Hughes, Derek, English Drama, 1660–1700 (Oxford, 1996), chap. 3CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

83 Settle, Empress of Morocco, 17–18, 56.

84 Ibid., 7, 5, 52, and 59.

85 Ibid., 55–56.

86 See also Patterson, Annabel, “Dryden and Political Allegiance,” in The Cambridge Companion to John Dryden, ed. Zwicker, Steven (Cambridge, 2004), 229–33Google Scholar.

87 Dennis, John, Critical Works, 2 vols. (Baltimore, 1943), 2:118Google Scholar; Doyle, Elkanah Settle’sThe Empress of Morocco,” vii–viii, xiii–xiv.

88 Dryden, John, Shadwell, Thomas, and Crowne, John, Notes and observations on the Empress of Morocco (London, 1674)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Settle, Elkanah, Notes and observations on the Empress of Morocco Revised (London, 1674)Google Scholar.

89 Duffet, Thomas, The Empress of Morocco: A Farce (London, 1674)Google Scholar.

90 See Dennis, Critical Works, 2:118.

91 Winn, Peter, John Dryden and His World (New Haven, CT, 1987), 255–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Novak, Maxmillian, “The Empress of Morocco” and Its Critics (Los Angeles, 1968)Google Scholar, introduction; Brown, Elkanah Settle, 51–61; and Monk, Samuel Holt, ed., The Works of John Dryden, 20 vols. (Berkeley, 1971), 17:387411Google Scholar. These exchanges also provide support for many (nontopical) elements of the reading of the play offered here.

92 Dryden, Shadwell, and Crowne, “Preface,” and “Errata in the Epistle,” in Notes and observations, 8 and 71, respectively; Duffet, A Farce, prologue (see also 11–12, 18); Stocker, “Political Allusion in The Rehearsal.”

93 Lord, Poems on Affairs of State, 1:213–19 (see also 237–51); Spurr, England in the 1670s, 50–52.

94 Maguire, Regicide and Restoration.

95 See also Settle, Empress of Morocco, 8–9.

96 See Habermas, Structural Transformation, 5–12, 22, 29–32, 39.

97 See Kewes, Paulina, “Dryden and the Staging of Popular Politics,” in John Dryden: Tercentary Essays, ed. Hammond, Paul and Hopkins, David (Oxford, 2000), 5791Google Scholar.

98 Settle, Empress of Morocco, 4–5, 7, 11–12.

99 Ibid., 70; Settle, Notes and Observations, 77.

100 Ibid., 62–63.

101 Maguire, Regicide and Restoration, 116 (quotation), 175–76, 179, 183–88.

102 Owen, Restoration Theatre and Crisis, 14–16.

103 For the proclamations, see Cowan, Brian, The Social Life of Coffee (New Haven, CT, 2005), 195–96Google Scholar.

104 Cowan, Social Life of Coffee, 186–87, 195, 200–201, 204–7.

105 On the postrevolutionary period, see Barber, Alex, “‘The Voice of the People, No Voice of God’: A Political, Religious and Social History of the Transmission of Ideas in England, 1690–1715” (PhD diss., University of London, 2010)Google Scholar; and Cowan, Brian, “Mr. Spectator and the Coffeehouse Public Sphere,” Eighteenth-Century Studies 37, no. 3 (Spring 2004): 345–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar.