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² Ibid., 90–91.

³ See, e.g., Pearsall, Ronald, The Worm in the Bud: The World of Victorian Sexuality (1969; repr., Harmondsworth, 1983)Google Scholar; and Brecher, Edward, The Sex Researchers (Boston, 1969)Google Scholar. See also Waters, Chris, “Sexology,” in The Modern History of Sexuality, ed. Cocks, H. G. and Houlbrook, Matt (Basingstoke, 2006), 50–53Google Scholar.

⁴ Waters, “Sexology,” 54; and see Foucault, Michel, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1, An Introduction (1979; repr., London, 1990)Google Scholar. Lesbian feminist historians such as Lillian Faderman and Sheila Jeffreys blamed sexology for what Faderman described as the “morbidification” of relationships between women; see Lillian Faderman, “The Morbidification of Love between Women by Nineteenth-Century Sexologists,” Journal of Homosexuality 4, no. 1 (1978): 73–90; and Jeffreys, Sheila, The Spinster and Her Enemies: Feminism and Sexuality, 1880–1930 (London, 1985)Google Scholar.

⁵ See, e.g., Bland, Lucy and Doan, Laura, eds., Sexology in Culture: Labelling Bodies and Desires (Cambridge, 1998)Google Scholar, and Sexology Uncensored: The Documents of Sexual Science (Chicago, 1998).

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¹⁰ Oram, Alison, “Little By Little? Arena Three and Lesbian Politics in the 1960s,” in The Permissive Society and Its Enemies: Sixties British Culture, ed. Collins, Marcus (London, 2007)Google Scholar; I am grateful to Alison Oram for allowing me to read an unpublished version of her article. See also Houlbrook, Matt, Queer London: Perils and Pleasures in the Sexual Metropolis, 1918–1957 (Chicago, 2005)Google Scholar.

¹¹ Terry, Jennifer, An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society (Chicago, 1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹³ See Bourne, Stephen, Brief Encounters: Lesbians and Gays in British Cinema, 1930–1971 (London, 1996)Google Scholar.

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¹⁵ See Dickinson, Robert Latou and Beam, Lura, The Single Woman (London, 1934)Google Scholar; Smith, Marie Blanche, The Single Woman of Today: Her Problems and Adjustment (London, 1951)Google Scholar; Hutton, Laura, The Single Woman: Her Adjustment to Life and Love (London, 1960)Google Scholar.

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¹⁸ Neustatter, W. Lindsay, “Homosexuality in Women,” in They Stand Apart: A Critical Survey of the Problems of Homosexuality, ed. J. Rees, Tudor and Usill, Harvey V. (London, 1955), 99–100Google Scholar.

¹⁹ For example, Hopkins, June, “The Lesbian Personality,” British Journal of Psychiatry 115 (1969): 1433–36Google Scholar; Kenyon, F. E., “Studies in Female Homosexuality,” British Journal of Psychiatry 114 (1968): 1337–50Google Scholar; Bene, Eva, “On the Genesis of Female Homosexuality,” British Journal of Psychiatry 111 (1965): 815–21Google Scholar; Kaye, Harvey E., “Homosexuality in Women,” Archives of General Psychiatry 17 (November 1967): 626–34Google Scholar.

²⁰ Davis, Katherine Bement, Factors in the Sex Life of Twenty-two Hundred Women (London, 1929)Google Scholar.

²¹ On the differences between U.S. and British psychoanalysis, see Chris Waters, “Havelock Ellis, Sigmund Freud and the State: Discourses of Homosexual Identity in Interwar England,” in Bland and Doan, Sexology in Culture, 165.

²² W. Lindsay Neustatter, “Incidence and Causation of Homosexuality,” in Rees and Usill, They Stand Apart, 79.

²³ Henry, George W., Sex Variants: A Study of Homosexual Patterns (1941; repr., London, 1950)Google Scholar.

²⁴ Cappon, Daniel, Toward an Understanding of Homosexuality (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1965), 67, 75Google Scholar.

²⁵ Winner, “Homosexuality in Women,” 219.

²⁶ Ibid.

²⁷ Chesser, Eustace, Sexual Behaviour: Normal and Abnormal (London, 1949)Google Scholar, Live and Let Live: The Moral of the Wolfenden Report (London, 1958), Women: A Popular Edition of the Chesser Report (London, 1958), Odd Man Out: Homosexuality in Men and Women (London, 1959), and The Human Aspects of Sexual Deviation (London, 1971).

²⁸ Chesser, Odd Man Out, 96.

²⁹ Ibid., 102–3.

³⁰ Storr, Anthony, Sexual Deviation, Studies in Social Pathology (Harmondsworth, 1964)Google Scholar. Pelican also published D. J. West's Homosexuality (Harmondsworth, 1955), which was widely read and reprinted several times in the 1950s and 1960s. West also advocated a Freudian approach to lesbian sexual development.

³¹ Storr, Sexual Deviation, 72.

³² Ibid., 75.

³³ Ibid., 80.

³⁴ Personal testimony of Diana Chapman, Hall Carpenter Collection, F2088, National Sound Archive (C456). The personal testimonies this archive comprises arise from interviews conducted in the early 1990s with lesbians, many of whom had been involved in lesbian organizations or politics in the preceding decades. Many of the interviewees were middle-class and resident in London.

³⁵ Personal testimony of Julie Switsur, Hall Carpenter Collection, F2108, National Sound Archive (C456).

³⁶ Doan, Fashioning Sapphism, 142.

³⁷ “Comment on ‘The Cure,’” Arena Three 1, no. 3 (March 1964): 12.

³⁸ Ibid.

³⁹ Personal testimony of Rene Sawyer, Hall Carpenter Collection, F1328-F1330, National Sound Archive (C456).

⁴⁰ Michael King, Glenn Smith, and Annie Bartlett, “Treatments of Homosexuality in Britain since the 1950s—an Oral History: The Experience of Professionals,” British Medical Journal 328 (January 2004): 429–32. See also Glenn Smith, Annie Bartlett, and Michael King, “Treatments of Homosexuality in Britain since the 1950s—an Oral History: The Experience of Patients,” British Medical Journal 328 (January 2004): 427–29.

⁴¹ There is also evidence that aversion therapy was used much earlier, in the late 1940s. Barbara Bell describes her sister's experience of the treatment at St. Thomas's Hospital, London, not long after the Second World War. Midge Bell had attempted suicide after discovering that her girlfriend had had an affair and, after a brief period in a detention ward at Fulham Hospital, Midge attended sessions with a psychologist as an outpatient (Barbara Bell, Just Take Your Frock Off: A Lesbian Life [Brighton, 1999], 108–10).

⁴² MacCulloch, M. J. and Feldman, M. P., “Aversion Therapy in Management of Forty-three Homosexuals,” British Medical Journal 2, no. 3 (June 1967): 594–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁴⁴ Luchia Fitzgerald, quoted in Jivani, Alkarim, It's Not Unusual: A History of Lesbian and Gay Britain in the Twentieth Century (London, 1997), 126–27Google Scholar.

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⁵¹ Chris Waters, “Disorders of the Mind, Disorders of the Body Social: Peter Wildeblood and the Making of the Modern Homosexual,” in Conekin, Mort, and Waters, Moments of Modernity, 134–51.

⁵² Personal testimony of Pat Arrowsmith, Hall Carpenter Collection, F2483-F2487, National Sound Archive (C456); personal testimony of Sandy Martin, Hall Carpenter Collection, F2483-F2487, National Sound Archive (C456).

⁵³ Personal testimony of Julie Switsur, Hall Carpenter Collection, F2108, National Sound Archive (C456).

⁵⁴ Personal testimony of Cynthia Reid, Hall Carpenter Collection, F2109, National Sound Archive (C456).

⁵⁵ Personal testimony of Julie Switsur, Hall Carpenter Collection, F2108, National Sound Archive (C456).

⁵⁶ Personal testimony of Jean White, Hall Carpenter Collection, F2086, National Sound Archive (C456).

⁵⁷ For a more detailed history of the MRG and Arena Three, see Jennings, Rebecca, Tomboys and Bachelor Girls: A Lesbian History of Post-war Britain, 1945–1971 (Manchester, 2007), 134–72Google Scholar.

⁵⁸ Editorial, Arena Three 1, no. 1 (January 1964): 1.

⁵⁹ Terry, An American Obsession, 354.

⁶⁰ Oram, “Little By Little?”

⁶¹ Bene, “On the Genesis of Female Homosexuality”; an unnamed psychiatric social worker and member of the Minorities Research Group who proposed collaborating with the MRG on research in the field of “mental health” (see News, Latest, Arena Three 2, no. 1 [January 1965]: 14)Google Scholar; Hopkins, “The Lesbian Personality”; Kenyon, “Studies in Female Homosexuality”; D. Stanley-Jones, whose proposed research was into “the unmarried lesbian and maternal instinct” (see his “MGR and Research,” Arena Three 3, no. 5 [June 1966]: 15–17); Wolff, Charlotte, Love between Women (London, 1971)Google Scholar; Mrs. Morwenna Jones, conducting research into the erotic imagination of lesbians on behalf of an unnamed American psychologist (see her “How Erotic Is Your Imagination?” Arena Three 6, no. 2 [February 1969]: 4); Mary Cecil, conducting a handwriting study (see her “Invitation from a Graphologist,” Arena Three 6, nos. 10–11 [October–November 1969): 7, and “Putting Yourself on Paper,” Arena Three 7, no. 1 [January 1970]: 14–15); Marvin Siegelman, associate professor of psychology at the City University of New York, comparing the personality, attitude, and parental background of homosexuals and heterosexuals (see his “Cross-Cultural Survey,” Arena Three 7, no. 6 [July 1970]: 11).

⁶² On the Wolfenden Report, see Report of the Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution, Cmnd. 247 (September 1957); repr. as The Wolfenden Report: Report of the Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution (New York, 1963). On the 1967 Sexual Offences Act, see Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics, and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality since 1800 (London, 1981), and Coming Out: Homosexual Politics in Britain from the Nineteenth Century to the Present (London, 1977).

⁶³ Bene, “On the Genesis of Female Homosexuality.”

⁶⁴ On Hopkins's explanation of her research motivations to the MRG founders, one of whom was Julie Switsur, see personal testimony of Julie Switsur, Hall Carpenter Collection, F2108, National Sound Archive (C456).

⁶⁵ Hopkins, “The Lesbian Personality,” 1436.

⁶⁶ Glass, S. J. and Johnson, R. W., “Limitations and Complications of Organotherapy in Male Homosexuality,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 4 (1944): 540–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Heller, C. G. and Maddock, W. O., “The Clinical Uses of Testosterone in the Male,” Vitamins and Hormones 5 (1947): 540–44Google Scholar; Bremer, J., A sexualisation: A Follow-up Study of 244 Cases (Oslo, 1958)Google Scholar; Money, J., “Use of an Androgen-Depleting Hormone in the Treatment of Male Sex Offenders,” Journal of Sex Research 6, no. 3 (August 1970): 165–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Meyer-Bahlburg, Heino F. L., “Sex Hormones and Male Homosexuality in Comparative Perspective,” Archives of Sexual Behaviour 6, no. 4 (1977): 297–325CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁶⁸ Personal testimony of Diana Chapman, Hall Carpenter Collection, F2088, National Sound Archive (C456). The research she described was published in P. D. Griffiths, J. Merry, Margaret C. K. Browning, A. J. Eisinger, R.G. Huntsman, E. Jenny, A. Lord, P. E. Polani, J. M. Tanner, and R. H. Whitehouse, “Homosexual Women: An Endocrine and Psychological Study,” Journal of Endocrinology 63 (1974): 549–56.

⁶⁹ Griffiths et al, “Homosexual Women,” 550.

⁷⁰ Ibid., 554–55.

⁷¹ Personal testimony of Cynthia Reid, Hall Carpenter Collection, F2109, National Sound Archive (C456); personal testimony of Julie Switsur, Hall Carpenter Collection, F2108, National Sound Archive (C456); personal testimony of Diana Chapman, Hall Carpenter Collection, F2088, National Sound Archive (C456).

⁷² Reid, Cynthia, “Psychology and the Homosexual,” Arena Three 2, no. 4 (April 1965): 10Google Scholar.

⁷³ Editorial, Arena Three 3, no. 5 (June 1966): 2.

⁷⁴ Langley, Esmé, “MRG, Yesterday and Tomorrow,” Arena Three 3, no. 9 (October 1966): 9Google Scholar. Caprio's, FrankFemale Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of Lesbianism (London, 1957) received particularly negative coverage in Arena ThreeGoogle Scholar.

⁷⁵ Letter to the editor, Mailbag, , Arena Three 4, no. 5 (May 1967): 16Google Scholar.

⁷⁶ McIntosh, Mary, “‘Bent or straight mates?’—a Sociologist's Views,” Arena Three 1, no. 6 (June 1964): 4–6Google Scholar.