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Lordship and Lawlessness in the Palatinate of Lancaster, 1370–1400

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2014

S. K. Walker
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Extract

The precise connection between “bastard feudalism,” the characteristic form of aristocratic social organization in later medieval England, and the disordered condition of English politics in the later Middle Ages has long been a subject for debate among historians. While earlier writers had no doubt that the emergence of magnate affinities—bands of men bound to a lord by an indenture of retainer and a money fee rather than by a heritable fief in land—in the early fourteenth century had destructive consequences for the quality of public order, their unfavorable judgments have now been largely replaced by a more sympathetic account of the workings of magnate lordship, which portrays the late medieval affinity as neither an aberration nor a degeneration from the arrangements of an earlier age, but, rather, the logical successor to them. The creation of this consensus represents, however, only the first stage in the effort to reach a proper understanding of the mechanics of lordship in later medieval England, for it raises a number of secondary questions that have yet to be resolved. How pervasive, for instance, was the network of clientage and patronage represented by the magnate affinity?

One view holds that this network “formed the fabric of contemporary life”: a magnate could effectively control a county or counties by using his indentured retainers “to diffuse the lord's influence through the areas where his estates lay, into the wider affinity, and even among landowners outside the affinity, using above all the power they could wield as local administrators.”

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of British Studies , Volume 28 , Issue 4 , October 1989 , pp. 325 - 348
Copyright
Copyright © North American Conference of British Studies 1989

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73 LRO, Clifton of Lytham MS, Dd/C1/150; CPR 1381–85, p. 290, 1385–89, p. 114, 232; PRO, E 101/247/1/m. 9, 41/18 mm. 1,4, 12; CPR 1391–96, p. 549; LRO, Dd/M/17/39–43, 49/39–40; Dd/C1/174/1253–59; CCR 1374–77, p. 197, 365; CPR 1385–88, p. 214.

74 PRO, SC 8/44/2173; PRO, DL 42/1/142v; PRO, PL 16/1/1 m. 3; PRO, KB 9/55C m. 2; 27/449/Rex m. 1, 453 m. 72, 460 m. 41.

75 VCH (n. 24 above), 5: 116, n. 20; Bodl., Dodsworth MS 87, fol. 76; PRO, PL 14/154/1/28; Farrer, W. ed., Lancashire Final Concords, Lancashire and Cheshire Record Society, no. 50. (1905), pt. 3, p. 37Google Scholar; PRO, KB 27/455/m. 31; 457/Rex m. 63; CPR 1370–74, p. 401.

76 Bellamy, J. G., “The Northern Rebellions in the Later Years of Richard II,“ Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 47 (1965): 254–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar, gives the best account, now supplemented by Morgan (n. 68 above), pp. 193–96.

77 PRO, C 76/72/mm. 5, 16, 81/1048–55.

78 On appointment to his command at Guines in 1388, he was prevented from taking up the post for six months by the former captain, John Drayton, and was unable to obtain decisive support from the council. He was eventually compensated for the financial loss he incurred by Richard II in 1391. PRO, E 404/14/96 (July 22, 1391); CPR 1385–89, p. 416, 427; PRO, E 403/533 m. 14. VCH Lanc., 6: 345Google Scholar; PRO, PL 3/1/146; Bodl., Dodsworth MS 87, fol. 79.

79 PRO, PL 3/1/31; KB 9/989 m. 15, 27/529/Rex m. 14d; Bodl., Gough MS, Yorkshire 5, fol. 26; Nottinghamshire Record Office, Foljambe of Obserton MS, Dd/Fj/4/2/1; CCR 1392–96, p. 109; CPR 1391–96, p. 237.

80 “Recognizance Rolls of Chester,“ DKR 36 (1875), app. 2, p. 13Google Scholar; CPR 1391–96, p. 40; Calendar of Fine Rolls, 1383–91, p. 342; ibid., 1391–99, pp. 8, 18. For Maistreson in the duke's service, see Armitage-Smith, ed., John of Gaunt's Register, 1372–76 (n. 43 above), no. 779; PRO, DL 29/738/12096 m. 3.

81 PRO, C 47/14/6/44.

82 de Trokelowe, J.and Anon., “Annales Ricardi Secondi et Henrici Quarti,” in Chronica et Annales, ed. Riley, H. T., Rolls Ser. (1886), p. 161Google Scholar; PRO, DL 43/15/6 m. 3 shows that many of the rebels were pardoned the fines imposed on them by the justices at Lancaster.

83 Statutes of the Realm (n. 50 above), 2:89Google Scholar; PRO, PL 3/1/19; Bodl., Dodsworth MS 87, fol. 80v; LRO, Towneley of Towneley MS, Dd/To/K/9/6.

84 Hariss (n. 2 above), p. xxi.

85 CPR 1391–96, p. 182; “Recognizance Rolls of Chester,“ DKR 36 (1875), app. 2, p. 330Google Scholar; PRO, SC 8/223/11128–30; KB 27/531/m. 52d.

86 John of Gaunt issued a mandate for a commission to arrest Talbot within his palatinate on August 22, 1393; a similar order within the royal palatinate of Chester was not issued until October 22. See Bodl., Dodsworth MS 87, fol. 77v; “Recognizance Rolls of Chester,“ DKR 36 (1875) app. 2, p. 330Google Scholar; Rotuli Parliamentorum (n. 8 above), 3: 316–17; PRO, KB 27/532/Rex m. 16.

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89 For example, John Aldelm, Sir Gilbert Halsall, Nicholas Orrell, PRO, E 101/42/18 mm. 12, 18; 10 m. 1; “Recognizance Rolls of Chester,” DKR 36 (1875), app. 2, p. 215Google Scholar.

90 Sir Robert Clifton; Sir Gilbert Halsall; Richard Massy of Rixton; John Radcliffe of Chaderton; Sir Ralph Radcliffe; William Rixton. See PRO, E 101/42/10 m. 1; CPR 1396–99, pp. 521, 524; “Recognizance Rolls of Chester,” DKR 36 (1875), app. 2, p. 407Google Scholar.

91 PRO, DL 42/15/46, 56, 56v; 16/42; Nottingham University Library, Middleton MS, Mi/F/10; Lewis, ed. (n. 26 above), nos. 32–42.

92 PRO, DL 42/15/6, 12, 2 1, 25v; 16/231.

93 PRO, DL 29/728/11984 m. 1; 738/12096 m. 1.

94 PRO, DL 42/1, f. 49; Davies, R. R., “Richard II and the Principality of Chester,“ in du Boulay, and Barron, , eds. (n. 7 above), p. 266Google Scholar.

95 PRO, KB 27/549/Rex m. 17; 552 m. 18; PL 14/154/3/84–94, 96, 99, 101–5; 6/4, 14, 71–73.

96 PRO, PL 3/1/34; DL 42/15, f. 114; Roskell (n. 71 above), p. 84.

97 Rotuli Partiamentorum, 3:445Google Scholar; PRO, CHES 2/69 m. 11.

98 DKR 36 (1875), app. 2, p. 540.

99 CCR 1396–99, p. 348; PRO, E 403/559 m. 14; Gillespie, J. L., “Richard II's Cheshire Archers,” Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire 125 (1975): 19Google Scholar. When the Lancastrian inheritance was confiscated in February 1399, the late duke's seneschal and constable at Halton (Ches.) was removed from his office on the warrant of the duke of Surrey and replaced by Holford. PRO, DL 30/41/3 m. 2.

100 Given-Wilson (n. 87 above), p. 223; Tuck, A., Richard II and the English Nobility (London, 1973), pp. 209–10Google Scholar; Bennett (n. 15 above), p. 169.

101 Walker, S. K., “Lancaster v. Dallingridge: A Franchisal Dispute in Fourteenth-Century Sussex,” Sussex Archaeological Collections 112 (1983): 87–94Google Scholar.

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104 Goodman, A., “John of Gaunt: Paradigm of the Late Fourteenth-Century Crisis,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 36 (1987): 146–47Google Scholar.