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Lord Dufferin and the Indian National Congress, 1885–1888*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 January 2014

Briton Martin Jr.
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Extract

In the spring of 1884 shortly before his viceroyalty came to an end, Lord Ripon wrote in an urgent manner to Lord Kimberley, then Secretary of State for India, about one of the more critical questions of policy confronting the Government of India: “You may rely upon it that there are few Indian questions of greater importance in the present day than those which relate to the mode in which we are to deal with the growing body of Natives educated by ourselves in Western learning and Western ideas.” Ripon was pointing to the existence of a new class of English-educated Indians within British-Indian society and to the failure of the Government of India to acknowledge this class and to absorb its talents and influence within the structure of British-Indian administration. That this problem begged for a realistic solution by 1884 and that it would continue to do so in the years ahead, he had no doubts whatsoever; it had been left too long to fester in a mode both damaging to the class itself and dangerous to British rule. In short, the English-educated Indian class had become a question of policy.

Simply stated, as the opportunities for Western collegiate education expanded and the avenues leading towards entry into the East India Company's service became available, the doors either failed to open or were placed out of the reach of the educated Indians seeking entry. By 1850, with the new class in existence in limited numbers in Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, and Delhi and with additional graduates appearing annually to swell its ranks, frustrations began to emerge as the graduates found themselves unable to secure the public employment which the Charter Act of 1833 had implied was to be their just right.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of British Studies , Volume 7 , Issue 1 , November 1967 , pp. 68 - 96
Copyright
Copyright © North American Conference of British Studies 1967

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Footnotes

*

Briton Martin, Jr. (1929-1967): B.A., Yale, 1951; M.A., Ph.D. in South Asia Regional Studies, University of Pennsylvania, 1958, 1964; Assistant Professor of History, Syracuse University, New York; was awarded a Faculty Training Fellowship of the American Institute of Indian Studies for 1966-67. He finished the revision of this article in Poona, India, before his death on January 25, 1967. His widow, Yan-Kit Martin, who is a gifted scholar herself, has been fully consulted in the process of seeing this article through the press. Editor.

References

1. BM, Lord Ripon to Lord Kimberley, Apr. 4, 1884, Ripon Viceregal Papers, I.S. 290/5, No. 18.

2. For statistics 1845-57, see CRO, The Report of the Indian Education Commission (Calcutta, 1883), pp. 269, 274Google Scholar.

3. British Indian Association of Bengal and Behar, Madras Native Association, Bombay Association.

4. The petitions of 1852 and 1853 of the Bombay Association, as quoted by Griffiths, Percival, The British Impact on India (London, 1952), pp. 257–59Google Scholar.

5. Mallet, Bernard, Thomas George Earl of Northbrook G.C.S.I. (London, 1908), ch. iiGoogle Scholar; CRO, Dispatch of Sec. of State, No. 19, Public, Feb. 24, 1876, Selections from Dispatches addressed to the several governments in India by Sec. of State in Council, 1876.

6. During the late 1870s the Indian Association was formed at Calcutta, the Sarvajanik Sabha at Poona, and the Triplicane Literary Society in Madras province to represent educated Indian grievances. The older associations either had become representative of wealthy zamindari and mercantile interests or had ceased to function.

7. CRO, Lord Lytton to Lord Salisbury (priv.), July 2, 1876, Lytton Viceregal Papers, MSS Eur. E. 218/518/1, p. 262.

8. CRO, Lytton to Salisbury (priv.), May 11, 1876, ibid., p. 149; Note by Viceroy on Admission of Natives to Covenanted Service, Oct. 16, 1876, ibid., MSS Eur. E. 218/520/1, p. 449, §§ 18, 19.

9. CRO, Lytton to Salisbury (priv.), May 11, 1876, ibid., MSS Eur. E. 218/518/1, pp. 149-50; Lytton to Lord Cranbrook (priv.), May 12, 1879, ibid., MSS Eur. E. 218/518/4, p. 347.

10. CRO, Note by Viceroy on Admission of Natives to Covenanted Service, May 30, 1877, ibid., MSS Eur. E. 218/520/1, pp. 554-89.

11. CRO, Minute by Viceroy on Vernacular Press, Oct. 22, 1877, ibid., pp. 769 $.; Lytton to Salisbury (priv.), Mar. 8, 1878, ibid., MSS Eur. E. 218/518/3, p. 162; Act IX, Mar. 1878.

12. Act X, June 1878.

13. Banerjea, Surendranath, A Nation in Making (Bombay, 1925)Google Scholar; J. Bright and petition from India, 3 Hansard 246: 1723 (June 12, 1879); F. H. O'Donnell and resolution of British Indian Assoc, ibid. 246: 1142-46 (May 23, 1879); W. Gladstone and petition of Bombay British East India Assoc., ibid. 246: 1226 (May 26, 1879).

14. Morley, John, The Life of W. E. Gladstone (London, 1903), II, chs. vi-viiiGoogle Scholar.

15. BM, Ripon to Gladstone (priv.), Oct. 22, 1881, Ripon Viceregal Papers, I.S. 290/7, No. 112.

16. Ibid.

17. BM, Note by Viceroy on Local Self-Government, Apr. 27, 1882, encl., Ripon to Lord Hartington (priv.), May 25, 1882, ibid., I.S. 290/5, No. 33.

18. BM, Ripon to Kimberley, May 4, 1883, ibid., No. 38.

19. BM, Ripon to Kimberley, May 4, July 10, 1883, ibid., Nos. 38, 53.

20. Gopal, Sarvapalli, The Viceroyalty of Lord Ripon 1880-1884 (London, 1953)Google Scholar.

21. Ibid., ch. ix, “The Ilbert Bill.”

22. BM, Lord Halifax to Ripon, Mar. 2, Gladstone to Ripon, Apr. 17, W. E. Forster to Ripon, Apr. 27, 1883, Ripon Viceregal Papers, I.S. 290/7, Nos. 27, 50a, 56.

23. Circular for meeting of Dec. 29-30, 1883, as published, Bengalee, Dec. 22, 1883; the Conference, see ibid., Dec. 29, 1883, Jan. 5, 1884; Blunt, Wilfred Scawin, India Under Ripon — A Private Diary 1883-1884 (London, 1909), pp. 114, 116, 118Google Scholar.

24. Blackwood, Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple: b. 1826; Eton and Christ Church, Oxford; Lord-in-Waiting, 1849-52, 1854-58; Peer, 1850; special foreign mission to Vienna, 1855; British Commissioner in Syria, 1860, to investigate Levant Massacre; K.C.B.; Under-Secretary of State for India, 1864-66; for War, 1866; Earl, 1871; Governor-General of Canada, 1872-78; G.C.M.G.; Ambassador to St. Petersburg, 1879-80; Ambassador to Constantinople, 1881-82; Special Commissioner to Egypt, 1882-83, after Arabi's rebellion; G.C.B., 1883.

25. BM, Kimberley to Gladstone, July 23, Oct. 5, 1884, Gladstone Papers, Add. MSS, 44228, pp. 144-47, 158-61.

26. Indian Mirror, Feb. 1, Indian Spectator, Feb. 15, Bombay Samachar, Feb. 3, Mahratta, Feb. 8, Bangabasi, Feb. 14, Subodh Patrika, Feb. 15, as quoted, V(oice) of I(ndia), III (Feb. 1885); Bengalee, Feb. 7, 1885; Indian Assoc., committee meeting and resolution on Feb. 9, as reported in ibid., Feb. 14, 1885.

27. “The Present Revival of National Life in India and Our Immediate Duty,” Indian Mirror, Jan. 13, 1885; see also editorials of Jan. 18, 20, 28, Feb. 3, 7, 13, 1885.

28. Meeting of Jan. 18, Bombay Gazette Overland Summary, Jan. 23, 1885.

29. Meeting of Feb. 5, see “Native Political Association in Bombay,” ibid., Feb. 6, 1885; also “The New Political Association,” Indian Spectator, Feb. 8, 1885, and selections in V. of I., III (Feb. 1885).

30. BM, Ripon to Kimberley, May 4, July 10, 1883, Ripon Viceregal Papers, I.S. 290/5, Nos. 38, 53.

31. BM, A. O. Hume to Ripon, Mar. 4, 1884, ibid., I.S. 290/8-1, No. 87a.

32. B. 1829, son of Joseph Hume, M.P.; Haileybury; medicine and surgery at University College Hospital, London; Bengal Civil Service, 1849; District Officer, Etawah District, N.W.P.; excellent service in Mutiny; C.B., 1860; Commissioner of Inland Customs, 1867-70; negotiated salt treaties with Rajputana Feudatories, 1870-79; N.W.P. Revenue Board, 1879-82; retired, 1882; ornithology and theosophy.

33. A study of the Northbrook and Lytton Viceregal MSS reveals that Hume not only failed at various of his allotted tasks but also antagonized particular senior men and lost the confidence of such important figures as John Strachey and Lord Lytton.

34. BM, Hume to Ripon (priv.), May 28, 1882, Ripon to Hume (priv.), Jan. 4, 1883, Ripon Viceregal Papers, I.S. 290/8-1, Nos. 349, 3; Hume to Ripon, May 23, 1883, Ripon Add. MSS, 43616, No. 10, p. 33.

35. Hume to B. Malabari, a letter, “Prospects and Methods of National Reform,” undated, Simla, , Indian Spectator, Feb. 1, 1885Google Scholar.

36. The author has not found any circular or memorandum written by Hume about the Indian National Union either in private materials or in press sources. This reference to the Union is therefore approximate, being based upon a reconstruction of facts about the association drawn from the following sources: CRO, Lord Dufferin to Lord Reay (priv.), May 17, Reay to Dufferin (priv.), May 24, (priv.), June 4, Hume to Dufferin, June 12, 1885, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R(eel) 528, Nos. 173, 331, 377, 391; BM, Hume to Ripon, Jan. 13, 1889, Ripon Add. MSS, 43616, No. 33; “Origin and Composition of the Congress,” Report of the First Indian National Congress, 1885 (Lucknow, 1886), p. 3Google Scholar.

37. CRO, Hume to Dufferin, Apr. 8, 1885, with encl., “Forest Conservancy in the Thana District of the Bombay Presidency” by “G.W.,” which Hume identified as himself, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 528, No. 237a.

38. CRO, Hume to Dufferin, Feb. (undated), Dufferin to Reay, May 17, 1885, ibid., Nos. 84, 173.

39. CRO, Suakim expedition and costs, Correspondence to and from Sec. of State for India, Feb.-Mar. 1885, and Telegraphic Correspondence to and from Sec. of State, Feb.-Mar. 1885, ibid,, R. 517 and R. 519.

40. CRO, Afghanistan strategy question and costs, Feb.-May 1885, ibid.

41. For the opinions of Indian editors on this subject and others relating to Dufferin's Afghan policy and forward strategy, see V. of I., III (Jan.-Apr. 1885).

42. The Indian Volunteer Corps was formed in various parts of India during 1859-60 as part of the English community's response to safeguard its interests when the cantonments became denuded of British troops, which were needed elsewhere to suppress the mutineers. Thereafter, as the Corps grew, volunteering was looked upon as a distinctly European and Eurasian privilege, even though it was not defined in law.

43. See speeches by Dufferin: Calcutta, Englishman, Mar. 9; Lahore, , Bombay Gazette Overland Summary, Apr. 17, 1885Google Scholar.

44. The agitation was sparked by the refusal of the Madras government to permit educated Madrassis to enlist in the Madras Volunteer Artillery. See official correspondence, Madras Times, Mar. 17-26, Apr. 6-9, 1885. For the Indian agitation that followed, see V. of I., III (Apr.-May 1885); the Calcutta memorial and Indian associations agitation, Bengalee and Tribune of Lahore, Apr. 11-17, Bengalee and Indian Mirror, Apr. 23-May 5, 1885.

45. This meeting took place during the first week of May, possibly May 4 or 5, 1885, although this is not definitely known. See CRO, Dufferin to Hume, May 5, Dufferin to Reay (priv.), May 17, Hume to Dufferin, June 12, 1885, with encl. referring to personal conversation with the Viceroy, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 528, Nos. 148, 173, 391; Dufferin to Ripon (strictly personal), July 8, 1886, ibid., R. 525, No. 145.

46. A brief resume of the interview between Hume and Dufferin (but without details of Hume's Indian Volunteer plan) is contained in Hume's circular to the educated Indian leaders, a copy of which he sent to Dufferin. See CRO, encl., Hume to Dufferin, Jan. 12, 1885, ibid., R. 528, No. 39. This circular, which was undated, was written and circulated before May 24, as indicated in CRO, Reay to Dufferin (priv.), May 24, 1885, ibid., No. 331.

47. In a letter published in London later in the year, Hume referred to his private interview with Dufferin about Indian volunteering and reviewed in detail the plan that he had laid before Dufferin on behalf of educated Indian leaders. See letter by Hume to the Editor, Sep. 3, entitled “Native Indian Volunteers,” Evening Standard, Sep. 4, 1885.

48. The second meeting appears to have taken place between May 6 and 15, given the evidence in references noted in n. 45.

49. BM, Hume's resumé of this interview with Dufferin, Hume to Ripon, Jan. 13, 1889, Ripon Add. MSS, 43616, No. 33.

50. CRO, Dufferin to Reay (priv.), May 17, 1885, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 528, No. 173.

51. Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee claims that Dufferin dissuaded Hume from a social reform conference and persuaded him to form a political conference. See Bonnerjee's undocumented thesis about Dufferin, Hume, and the formation of the Congress in his Indian Politics (Madras, 1898), Introduction.

52. Lieutenant-governor of the Northwest Provinces.

53. CRO, Dufferin to Kimberley (priv.), May 29, Dufferin to Lord Randolph Churchill (priv.), July 10, (priv.), Aug. 7, (priv.), Aug. 28, 1885, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 517, Nos. 36, 43, 48, 51. Also CRO, Dispatch No. 166, Milk., Gov.-Gen. in Council, Sep. 21, 1885, Bengal Milit. Letters and Encls., 1885, Vol. 486; private letters from persons in India to the Viceroy, May 10-July 15, 1885, regarding official reaction to Indian volunteering, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 528.

54. CRO, Dufferin to Reay (priv.), May 17, Reay to Dufferin (priv.), May 24, (priv.), June 4, 1885, ibid., Nos. 173, 331, 377.

55. CRO, Dufferin to Reay (priv.), May 17, 1885, ibid., No. 173. By the outset of July Dufferin knew how opposed to volunteering the Executive Council was.

56. CRO, Hume to Dufferin, July 4, 12, 1885, ibid., Nos. 9, 31.

57. CRO, Dufferin to Hume (priv.), July 28, 1885, ibid., R. 525, No. 38. Dufferin claimed that he had “not yet received the opinions of several authorities” whom he had consulted about the Indian Volunteer question. But by that date only the report of the lieutenant-governor of Bengal was outstanding, and thai arrived shortly thereafter.

58. BM, Ripon to Malabari (editor, Indian Spectator), Sep. 10, 1885, Ripon Add. MSS, 43616, pp. 176-78; CRO, “Notes by the Way,” Christian World, Oct. 29, 1885, p. 814Google Scholar, noting Hume's friends and activities in England and Scotland during his visit; Report of Sec, K. Telang, Indian National Telegraphic Union, Jan. 30, 1886, Times of India (overland), Feb. 5, 1886; Wedderburn, William, Allan Octavian Hume (London, 1913), pp. 55–56Google Scholar.

59. The extent and the depth of the reaction of various of the principal Indian editors and politicians to each of these issues can be sampled in selections in V. of I., III (May-Aug. 1885).

60. Churchill, East India (Revenue Accounts) Financial Statement Committee, Commons, 3 Hansard 300: 1286-1315 (Aug. 6, 1885).

61. The extent and depth of the editors' reaction to Churchill's attack on Ripon and to the proposals for increased taxation can be gauged by V. of I., III (Aug.-Sep. 1885), and by particular editorials in Indian Mirror, Hindoo Patriot, Bengalee, Indian Spectator, Tribune, Aug.-Oct. 1885. Thoughts about independent action were reflected in Jam-e-Jamshed, Aug. 24, News of the Day, Aug. 25, Kaiser-e-Hind, Aug. 30, as quoted, V. of I., III (Aug. 1885); Rast Goftar, Sep. 6, Subodh Patrika, Sep. 6, Hindusthani, Sep. 9, as quoted, V. of I., III (Sep. 1885).

62. Letter to the Editor, signed “English Elector,” Aug. 9, Bombay Gazette, Aug. 10, 1885. The identity of the pseudonym is unknown. A reference in one of Lord Randolph Churchill's letters gives reason for thinking that the author might have been Sir William Wedderburn, Hume's friend. See CRO, Churchill to Dufferin, Nov. 27, 1885, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 517, No. 80.

63. For action taken by the Assoc. during the latter half of Aug. and the first part of Sep., see K. Telang, Sec., Report of the General Committee, Bombay Presidency Assoc., Sep. 28, as reported, Bombay Gazette Overland Summary, Oct. 2, 1885, pp. 8–11Google Scholar.

64. For Bengal and Bihar, Man Mohan Ghose, barrister and advocate before Calcutta High Court, Sec., Indian Union, 1885; for the Bombay Presidency, Narayan Ganesh Chandavarkar, editor, Indu Prakash (Bombay), pleader in the Bombay High Court and member of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha; for the Madras Presidency, Salem Ramasawmi Mudaliar, vakil in Madras High Court, participant in the Madras Volunteer agitation, and member of the Madras Mahajana Sabha. There was virtually unanimous approval of their selection amongst the editors of the Bengal, Madras, Bombay, N.W. Provinces, and Punjab press, both vernacular and English. See V. of I., III (Sep. 1885). They left India in mid-Sep. and reached London by early Oct.

65. The Appeal was distributed a few days before the plenary session of the Bombay Presidency Assoc. on Sep. 28, 1885. A copy is appended to the report of the meeting as recorded in Bombay Gazette Overland Summary, Oct. 2, 1885, pp. 10–11Google Scholar. For resumé of delegates mission, see CRO, Chandavarkar, Narayan, English Impression (Bombay, 1887), Tract 652Google Scholar.

66. CRO, Sec. of State to Viceroy, tels. (secret), Oct. 5, 6, 16, 17, 1885, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 519, Nos. 338, 340, 354, 356; also Churchill to Dufferin, Oct. 8, with postscript, Oct. 9, 16, 1885, ibid., R. 517, Nos. 75, 76.

67. CRO, Dufferin to Churchill (priv.), Oct. 5, (priv.), Oct. 12, (priv.), Oct. 19, 1885, ibid., Nos. 56, 57, 58; also Viceroy to Sec. of State, tels. (secret), Oct. 16, (priv.), Oct. 18, (priv.), Oct. 20, (priv.), Oct. 25, 1885, ibid., R. 519, Nos. 273, 275, 278, 284.

68. V. of I., III (Nov. 1885), sections “The War with Burmah” and “Miscellaneous.” See also CRO, Selections from the Native Press 1885, Oct. and Nov., with separate volumes per province; editorials, Indian Mirror, Indian Spectator, Bengalee, Tribune, Hindoo Patriot, Oct. and Nov. 1885.

69. The three candidates were John Bright, Lord Harrington, and Captain Verney, but of these three only Bright gave any attention to Indian grievances and the Appeal during his campaign. By Dec. 7 the results were known, by Dec. 10 the verdict was final, and by Dec. 19 the tabulation of the poll was official. See Times and Reuters cables, Times of India, Dec. 7-20, 1885.

70. Editorials, Indian Spectator, Nov. 29, Indian Mirror, Dec. 1, Bengalee, Tribune, Dec. 5, 1885. Also Mahratta, Nov. 29, Indian Echo, Nov. 30, Hindu, Dec. 1, Amrita Bazar Patrika, Dec. 3, Indian Courier, Dec. 5, as quoted, V. of I., III (Dec. 1885), 615-22.

71. Hindusthani, Indian Spectator, Native Opinion, Nov. 29, Tribune, Mahomedan Observer, Dec. 5, Sangabad Pravakar, Dec. 7, Sind Times, Dec. 12, Rast Goftar, Dec. 13, Indu Prakash, Dec. 14, as quoted, V. of I., III (Dec. 1885), 615-22. See also editorials, Indian Spectator, Nov. 29, Indian Mirror, Dec. 1, Bengalee, Tribune, Dec. 5, 1885.

72. Given its style of writing, idiom, and content, it appears that the editorial in the Indian Spectator, Dec. 6, 1885, was written by Hume not long after his return from England and was published by his close friend, Malabari, who owned and edited the paper.

73. The editorial in ibid. proposed national organization similar to that initially proposed for the Indian National Union, the only differences being the emphasis upon political agitation in India on lines similar to that of the former Anti-Corn Law League in England and the incorporation of links with the Cobden Club and with Parliament in England. N. N. Sen aired a more advanced formula of the National Assembly plan that he had voiced earlier in the year. See editorial, “The Need for a National Congress in India,” Indian Mirror, Dec. 8, 1885. S. Banerjea called for a Second National Conference which was to be openly critical of Dufferin's administration; see Tribune (Lahore), Dec. 8, Bengalee, Dec. 12, 1885.

74. Banerjea had written to colleagues at Lahore and at Bombay about the forthcoming conference. See Indu Prakash, Dec. 7, as quoted, Indian Mirror, Dec. 12, 1885; also Tribune, Dec. 8, 1885. For the agenda and resolutions, see Circular Letter, Bengalee and Tribune, Dec. 12, 1885.

75. See announcement in Hindu (Madras), Dec. 9, as quoted, Indian Mirror, Dec. 12, 1885; N. N. Sen's editorial in Indian Mirror (Calcutta), Dec. 12, 1885. See also tel., Bombay Presidency Assoc. to Madras Sabha, undated, reviewed by executive committee of Madras Sabha, Dec. 12, 1885, Madras Mahajana Sabha: Annual Report for 1885-1886 (Madras, 1886), pp. 5–6Google Scholar.

76. Editorials, “The Proposed National Congress at Poona,” “The Proposed Conferences at Calcutta, Allahabad and Madras and the National Congress at Poona,” Indian Mirror, Dec. 16, 18, 1885. “Origin and Composition of the Congress,” Report of the First Indian National Congress, 1885, p. 3.

77. In addition to the three conferences noted in the text, there were two other meetings of significance in early Dec. 1885: the Eurasian and Anglo-Indian Association Conference at Jubbulpore, which was concerned with the rights and the interests of a specific social group; and the Prayag-Hindu Sabha meeting at Allahabad, which consisted of a small group of editors and lawyers concerned with the Northwest Provinces and Oudh. Both sent representatives to the Congress conference at Bombay.

78. Report of the 2nd Madras Conference, 23 to 25 December 1885 and Madras Mahajana Sabha: Annual Report for 1885-1886. For proceedings of Second National Conference at Calcutta, Dec. 25-27, 1885, see Bengalee, Dec. 26, 1885, Jan. 2, 1886. First Indian National Congress, Bombay, Dec. 28-31, 1885, Report of the First Indian National Congress, 1885.

79. This was the title of a book by a member of the Bengal Civil Service which was written during the summer of 1885 and was published in the autumn. Its focus was the English-educated Indian class and the need for British official acceptance of this class in India. Cotton, Henry John Stedman, New India, or India in Transition (London, 1885)Google Scholar.

80. CRO, Dufferin's Minute to Home Dept., Govt. of India, Dec. 31, 1885, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 521, No. 23.

81. Ibid.

82. Selections from the Indian press, as quoted, V. of I., IV (Jan.-Dec. 1886) and V (Jan.-Feb. 1887).

83. See Indian Mirror, Feb. 9, 12, Mar. 5, 1886, re spread of associations in Madras, Bombay, Northwest Provinces, and the Punjab.

84. See Indian Mirror, Mar. 6, 21, 24, Apr. 11, 1886; Statesman and Friend of India, Apr. 6, 13, 17, 20, 28, May 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 16, 21, 26, 1886. For Assam and Madras, see Indian Mirror, May 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 18, 21, June 4, 1886. For details of meetings, see Bengalee and Indian Mirror.

85. Prospectus and Appeal of Bengal National League, Indian Mirror, Apr. 8, 1886. See also Bengalee, Mar. 6, Apr. 10, Hindu Patriot, Apr. 12, 1886. For Hume's role, see Tribune, Mar. 13, 1886.

86. The Old Man's Hope: A Tract for the Times (Calcutta, 1886)Google Scholar; The Rising Tide: or the Progress of Political Activity in India (Calcutta, 1886)Google Scholar.

87. Times, Mar. 9, 15, 22, 29, 1886.

88. CRO, Dufferin to Kimberley (priv.), Apr. 26, 1886, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 517, No. 17.

89. CRO, Dufferin to Kimberley (priv.), May 17, 1886, ibid., No. 20.

90. This section on Dufferin's thoughts about policy is based upon a synthesis of CRO, Dufferin to Kimberley (priv.), Mar. 21, (priv.), Apr. 26, (priv.), May 17, (priv.), June 11, 1886, ibid., Nos. 12, 17, 20, 23.

91. CRO, Dufferin to Kimberley (priv.), Apr. 26, 1886, ibid., No. 17.

92. Ibid.

93. CRO, Dufferin to Kimberley (priv.), Mar. 21, (priv.), Apr. 26, (priv.), May 17, 1886, ibid., Nos. 12, 17, 20.

94. CRO, Kimberley to Dufferin (priv.), May 21, (priv.), June 4, 1886, ibid., Nos. 25, 29.

95. CRO, Kimberley to Dufferin (priv.), Apr. 22, (priv.), May 21, 1886, ibid., Nos. 20, 25.

96. CRO, Kimberley to Dufferin (priv.), May 21, (priv.), May 27, (priv. and tel.), June 11, 1886, ibid., Nos. 25, 27, 30. He had formerly refused this reform.

97. CRO, Dufferin to Kimberley (priv.), June 11, (priv.), July 2, (priv.), July 9, 1886, ibid., Nos. 23, 26, 27.

98. Cross, Richard Assheton, first Viscount Cross: b. 1823; Rugby and Trinity, Cambridge; called to Inner Temple, 1849; joined Northern circuit; Conservative M.P., Preston, 1857-62; partner and chairman, Parr's Bank, Warrington, 1870; Home Secretary, 1874-80; G.C.B., 1880; in Tory opposition, 1880-85; Home Secretary, 1885-86; Secretary of State for India, 1886-92; House of Lords, 1886-1902; G.C.S.I., 1892.

99. CRO, Dufferin to Cross and encl. (priv.), Aug. 13, (priv.), Sep. 3, Cross to Dufferin, Sep. 8, 1886, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 517, Nos. 32, 39, 51.

100. CRO, Resolutions Nos. 34/1573-98, Oct. 4, 42/1859-98, Nov. 4, Gov.-Gen. in Council, Oct. 19, Nov. 23, 1886, Public Letters from India, etc., Judicial and Public, VIT, Nos. 53, 60.

101. Speech, Council Hall, Poona, Nov. 19, 1886, Wallace, Mackenzie (ed.), Speeches Delivered in India, 1884-88, by the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava (London, 1890), pp. 133–37Google Scholar; CRO, Dufferin to Cross (priv.), Dec. 21, 1886, (priv.), Jan. 18, 1887, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 518, Nos. 59, 3.

102. The Rising Tide incident is revealed in CRO, Dufferin to Kimberley (priv.), Jan. 11, 1886, ibid., R. 517, No. 23; Dufferin to Ripon (strictly personal), July 8, 1886, ibid., R. 525, No. 145; Dufferin to G. Geary (proprietor, Bombay Gazette) (priv. and confid.), Oct. 27, 1888, ibid., R. 534, No. 329a. Hume ultimately admitted that his charges could not be verified by fact. CRO, Lord Dufferin's Minute, Aug. 7, 1886, ibid., R. 521, No. 34. He tried to make amends for what had happened by writing a new pamphlet, The Star in the East, or the Bengal National League (Calcutta, 1886)Google Scholar, in which he wrote that there were wrong impressions abroad about certain aspects of Dufferin's policies. Hume claimed that he wrote the pamphlet with Dufferin's knowledge and a promise of strictest confidence regarding authorship. Published in mid-Sep. 1886, the pamphlet's author was known in press circles by Dec. when the Congress met at Calcutta, to Hume's acute embarrassment. He attributed the leak to Dufferin and angrily charged the Viceroy with breach of trust. Throughout 1887, the two men drew apart embittered over what had happened. The Star in the East incident is revealed in CRO, Hume to Dufferin (priv. and confid.), Sep. 26, Dufferin to Hume (priv. and confid.), Oct. 8, 1887, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 532, Nos. 351, 206; BM, Hume to Ripon, Jan. 13, 1889, Ripon Add. MSS, 43616, pp. 153-54.

103. CRO, Dufferin to Sir Louis Peile (Legal Member of Viceroy's Council) (priv.), Oct. 5, 1887, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 532, No. 198; Dufferin to Cross (priv.), Feb. 26, 1888, ibid., R. 518, No. 9.

104. CRO, Cross to Dufferin, Jan. 27, Feb. 3, 7, 25, Mar. 25, Apr. 14, 22, 1887, ibid., Nos. 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 15, 16.

105. CRO, Dufferin to Peile (priv.), Oct. 5, 1887, ibid., R. 532, No. 198; Dufferin to Cross (priv.), Feb. 26, 1888, ibid., R. 518, No. 9.

106. Report of the Third Indian National Congress (London, 1888)Google Scholar.

107. CRO, Cross to Dufferin, Feb. 10, 17, 1888, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 518, Nos. 7, 8.

108. CRO, Dufferin to Cross, Feb. 20, Mar. 19, 26, 1888, ibid., Nos. 8, 12, 13.

109. CRO, Dufferin to Lord Connemara (governor of Madras), Mar. 27, 1888, ibid., R. 533, No. 306.

110. CRO, R. Knight to M. Wallace (Dufferin's priv. sec), Mar. 16, 1888, ibid., No. 349.

111. CRO, Hume's speech, Morning Post (Allahabad), Apr. 23, encl. in Sir Auckland Colvin to Dufferin, Apr. 25, 1888, ibid., No. 483; Hume's speech, Apr. 30, 1888, A Speech on the Indian National Congress: Origin, Aims and Objects (London, 1888)Google Scholar. Hume was also distributing English and Urdu copies of Congress report of 1887, to which were appended copies of Viraghava Chariar's Tamil Congress Catechism and Hume's A Conversation Between Moulvi Farid-ud-Din, M.A., B.L., and Rambaksh, One of the Mukkudams of Kambakhtpur.

112. CRO, Colvin to Dufferin, Apr. 27, May 24, 1888, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 533, Nos. 496, 612.

113. Shervani, H. K., “The Political Thought of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan,” Islamic Culture, XVIII (1944)Google Scholar.

114. Ibid., XVIII, 249.

115. CRO, Colvin to Dufferin, Apr. 27, 1888, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 533, No. 496.

116. CRO, Colvin to Dufferin, May 24, 1888, ibid., No. 612.

117. CRO, Dufferin to Colvin (priv.), June 6, 1888, ibid., No. 488.

118. CRO, Colvin to Dufferin, June 10, 1888, ibid., No. 668.

119. CRO, Confid. Minute by General George Chesney (Military Member of Council), June 22, 1888, encl. in Chesney to Lord Temple (confid.), Oct. 29, 1888, Temple MSS, Eur. F. 86, Sec. III, Box 5, No. 263; Chesney to Dufferin (priv.), July 1, 1888, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 533, No. 1.

120. CRO, Cross to Dufferin, July 27, 1888, ibid., R. 518, No. 31.

121. CRO. Cross to Dufferin, Aug. 10, 16, Sep. 11, 1888, ibid., Nos. 33, 34, 39.

122. CRO, Dufferin to Cross (priv.), Aug. 30, 1888, ibid., No. 40.

123. CRO, Dufferin to Cross (priv.), Oct. 8, 1888, ibid., No. 45. This committee was composed of Sir Charles Aitchison, J. Westland, and General George Chesney, each then sitting on the Viceroy's Executive Council.

124. CRO, Dufferin to Colvin (priv. and confid.), Oct. 9, 1888, ibid., R. 534, No. 263.

125. CRO, Report on the Subject of Provincial Councils, encl. with Dufferin's recommendations, Dufferin to Cross (priv.), Oct. 20, 1888, ibid., R. 518, No. 47.

126. For details relating to the Assoc., see editorials in Pioneer during mid and late August and the appendix of the pamphlet, Showing the Seditious Character of the Indian National Congress and the Opinions Held by Eminent Natives of India Who Are Opposed to the Movement (Allahabad, 1888)Google Scholar. The preface was written by Theodore Beck, the principal of Aligarh College, who also included his earlier articles from the Pioneer. Other pamphlets distributed were: Raja of Bhinga, Democracy Not Suited to India (Allahabad, 1888)Google Scholar, and Speeches by Sir Syed Ahmed (Allahabad, 1888)Google Scholar.

127. CRO, Hume to Colvin, Sep. 19, 1888, encl. in Dufferin to Cross, Cross MSS, Eur. E. 243/25/letter book 5, No. 116.

128. CRO, Colvin to Hume, Oct. 8, 1888, encl. in Dufferin to Cross, ibid.

129. CRO, Hume to Colvin, Oct. 30, 1888, Audi Alterem Partem, Being Two Letters on Certain Aspects of the Indian National Congress Movement (Simla, 1888), pp. 21–69Google Scholar.

130. CRO, Dufferin to Cross (priv.), Oct. 29, 1888, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 518, No. 48 with encls. Hume published the correspondence (without his first letter to Colvin, dated Sep. 19) in early Nov. under the title, Audi Alterem Partem.

131. CRO, Dufferin to Colvin (priv.), Oct. 28, 1888, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 534, No. 342.

132. CRO, Dufferin to Cross (priv.), Oct. 29, 1888, ibid., R. 518, No. 48.

133. CRO, Dufferin to Geary (priv. and confid.), Oct. 27, 1888, ibid., R. 534, No. 329a.

134. CRO, Dufferin to Cross (priv.), Oct. 29, 1888, ibid., R. 518, No. 48.

135. CRO, Dispatch No. 67, Home Dept., Public, Gov.-Gen. in Council, Nov. 6, 1888, Public Letters from India, etc., Judicial and Public, IX, 1888.

136. Lord Dufferin's Minute, Nov. 1888, ibid., pp. 9-12.

137. Ibid., pp. 5-6.

138. Ibid., p. 12.

139. Ibid., pp. 13-14.

140. CRO, Dispatch No. 68, Home Dept., Public, Nov. 6, 1888, Judicial and Public Records, Vol. 241, 1888, register 1806.

141. CRO, Dufferin to S. Bayley (secret and confid.), Nov. 22, Dufferin to Colvin (secret and confid.), Nov. 22, 1888, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 534, Nos. 454, 457.

142. CRO, Colvin to Dufferin, Nov. 26, 1888, ibid., No. 590.

143. Speech, Nov. 30, 1888, Wallace, , Speeches Delivered in India, pp. 229–48Google Scholar.

144. Ibid., pp. 239, 240-43, 244, 244-46.

145. CRO, Colvin to Dufferin, Dec. 3, G. P. Evans to Dufferin, Dec. 7, Bayley to Dufferin, Dec. 8, J. B. Lyall to Dufferin, Dec. 11, 1888, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 534, Nos. 613, 641, 648, 669.

146. The new Viceroy and Governor-General.

147. CRO, Dufferin to Cross (priv.), Dec. 3, 1888, Dufferin Viceregal Papers, R. 518, No. 52.

148. See Telang's speech at Indian National Congress, Allahabad, Dec. 26-29, 1888, Report of the Fourth Indian National Congress (n.p., 1889), pp. 15–20Google Scholar.

149. Hume's report, ibid., p. 1.