¹ This is not to say that Scotland was not experiencing economic growth, particularly in the carrying trade, in which Scotland's small light boats sometimes gave it an advantage. But England was generally richer and growing faster.

² The idea that England and Scotland were awkward neighbors is taken from Macinnes, Allan and Ohlmeyer, Jane, eds., The Stuart Kingdoms in the Seventeenth Century: Awkward Neighbours (Dublin, 2002).Google Scholar

³ Galloway, Bruce, The Union of England and Scotland, 1603–1608 (Edinburgh, 1986)Google Scholar, 164; William Ferguson's oft-cited survey of Anglo-Scottish relations also claims that “the whole attempt at union had been premature and had foundered because the two nations were still poles apart … and still animated by the ill-will born of centuries of bitter antagonism.” Ferguson, William, Scotland's Relations with England: A Survey to 1707 (Edinburgh, 1977)Google Scholar, 103.

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⁷ Jason White has expertly explored some ways in which the idea of “Britain” shifted after the regal union; however, his focus was on a genuinely British militant Protestantism that was responding to a pan-European apocalyptic battle. This article focuses instead on English ideas about the Scots and the more mundane situation at home. White, Jason, Militant Protestantism and British Identity, 1603–1642 (London, 2012).Google Scholar

⁸ Galloway, The Union of England and Scotland, 129.

⁹ Piggott's comments were angrily rehearsed by Sir Thomas Craig despite the Commons not wanting to record words that were, according to Edward Montagu, “so odious & so unpleasing.” Healey, Simon, “Debates in the House of Commons, 1604–1607,” in Parliament, Politics and Elections, 1604–1607, Camden Fifth Series 17, ed. Kyle, Chris (Cambridge, 2001)Google Scholar, 131; Sir Craig, Thomas, De Unione Regnorum Britanniae Tractatus, trans. and ed. Terry, C. Sanford (Edinburgh, 1909)Google Scholar, 356; Galloway, The Union of England and Scotland, 104–05.

¹⁰ Both of these comments are recorded in the State Papers, but they came to my attention via Willson, David Harris, ed., The Parliamentary Diary of Robert Bowyer, 1606–1607 (New York, 1971), 203n–04nGoogle Scholar, 208n.

¹¹ More Objections to the Union, ?1604, The National Archives (TNA), State Papers Domestic 14/7, f. 59.

¹² Untitled Objections to the Union, Harley MS 1314, ff. 45_v–47_v, British Library (BL); Rhodes, Richards, and Marshall, King James VI and I, 312.

¹³ Untitled Objections, Harley MS 1314, f. 56_r, BL.

¹⁴ The Examination of George Tawte of Chichester, 3 October 1603, TNA, State Papers Domestic 14/4, f. 2.

¹⁵ Traitorous speeches, 14 April 1608, Salisbury Papers, Microfilm 485, reel 29, BL.

¹⁶ Letter from an uncle to his nephew, ?18 July 1607, Salisbury Papers, Microfilm 485, reel 26, BL.

¹⁷ Under Elizabeth, the divergence between the English and Scottish disciplines had become much more obvious. Sir Henry Spelman thus worried that despite the fruitful sharing of clerics in the past, England might now be plagued by “fiery spirited ministers” from the north. Galloway and Levack, The Jacobean Union, 176.

¹⁸ Wormald, “Gunpowder, Treason and Scots,” 161.

¹⁹ Michael Redmond, “‘Low Comedy’ and Political Cynicism: Parodies of the Jacobean Disguised-Duke Play,” Renaissance Forum 7 (2004).

²⁰ Edward Sharpham, The Fleire (London, 1607), C₃r.

²¹ Ibid., F₁r–F₁v.

²² Brown, Keith, “A Blessed Union? Anglo-Scottish Relations before the Covenant,” in Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1603–1900, ed. Smout, T. C. (Oxford, 2005)Google Scholar, 42.

²³ See especially Fincham, Kenneth and Lake, Peter, “The Ecclesiastical Policy of King James I,” Journal of British Studies 24 (1985): 169–207CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Patterson, W. B., King James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom (Cambridge, 1997).Google Scholar

²⁴ Larkin, James F. and Hughes, Paul L., eds., Stuart Royal Proclamations, vol. 1, Royal Proclamations of King James I, 1603–1625 (Oxford, 1973), 18–19.Google Scholar

²⁵ Burgess, Glenn, The Politics of the Ancient Constitution: An Introduction to English Political Thought, 1603–1642 (London, 1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 102, 127; Russell, Conrad, “The Anglo-Scottish Union 1603–1643: A Success?” in Religion, Culture and Society in Early Modern Britain, ed. Fletcher, A. and Roberts, P. (Cambridge, 1994)Google Scholar; Russell, Conrad, “Composite Monarchies in Early Modern Europe: The British and Irish Example,” in Uniting the Kingdom? The Making of British History, ed. Grant, Alexander and Stringer, Keith (New York, 1995)Google Scholar, 146.

²⁶ James's Letter to the Commons Concerning Union, 1 May 1604, TNA, State Papers Domestic 9/208, f. 5. It must be noted that once the commission had presented an Instrument of Union to Parliament, and the Commons still remained particularly unruly, James became more specific, saying he desired “a perfect Union of Lawes and persons, and such a Naturalizing as may make one body of both Kingdomes under mee your King,” defending the commission's proposed alterations. But even this statement left a good deal open to interpretation, especially when it came to how the technicalities would play out. Rhodes, Neil, Richards, Jennifer, and Marshall, Joseph, eds., King James VI and I: Selected Writings (Aldershot, 2003)Google Scholar, 309.

²⁷ Russell, Conrad, “1603: The End of English National Sovereignty,” in The Accession of James I: Historical and Cultural Consequences, ed. Burgess, Glenn, Wymer, Rowland, and Lawrence, Jason (New York, 2006), 1–14.Google Scholar

²⁸ Authorization for commissioners of the two kingdoms to treat of union, 1604, Add. MS 17747, BL.

²⁹ Larkin and Huges, Stuart Royal Proclamations, 94–98.

³⁰ Rhodes, Richards, and Marshall, King James VI and I, 309, 312, 317.

³¹ Ibid., 296–97.

³² Larkin and Hughes, Stuart Royal Proclamations, 95.

³³ Ibid.

³⁴ James VI and I's letter to the Commons concerning union, 1 May 1604, TNA, State Papers Domestic 9/208, f. 5.

³⁵ There are passages in the proclamation establishing the new royal style, as well as in the 1604 and 1607 speeches to parliament. Larkin and Hughes, Stuart Royal Proclamations, 95; Rhodes, Richards, and Marshall, King James VI and I, 296, 323.

³⁶ Rhodes, Richards, and Marshall, King James VI and I, 311.

³⁷ Ibid., 312–16.

³⁸ Ibid., 324.

³⁹ I use the term “public” here in terms of a public, or in the limited sense of a body of people virtually connected by interest in a topic and whose relationship is fundamentally discursive, rather than in terms of the public, or society as a whole attempting to express a unified viewpoint. The nature of the union issue, as well as early modern literacy rates, means that this group was largely male. For clarification on the idea of a multiplicity of publics, see Wilson and Yachnin, Making Publics; Robbins, Bruce, ed., The Phantom Public Sphere (Minneapolis, 1993)Google Scholar; Warner, Michael, Publics and Counterpublics (New York, 2005)Google Scholar; Crossley, N. and Roberts, J. M., eds., After Habermas: New Perspectives on the Public Sphere (Oxford, 2004)Google Scholar; Calhoun, Craig, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, 1992).Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Rhodes, Richards, and Marshall, King James VI and I, 17.

⁴¹ Tristan Marshall has unearthed these references in the diaries of Adam Winthrop and Walter Yonge. Marshall, Tristan, Theatre and Empire: Great Britain on the London Stages under James VI and I (New York, 2000)Google Scholar, 3; Anonymous, “A Brief Replication to the Answere to the Obiections Against the Union,” in Stowe 158, f. 34_r, BL.

⁴² Keith Brown claims that the issue of union was rarely of interest, except at specific moments like James's accession, while Brian Levack believes the union was one of the most constant and controversial topics of the seventeenth century. Brown, Keith, Kingdom or Province? Scotland and the Regal Union, 1603–1715 (New York, 1992)Google ScholarPubMed, 2; Levack, Brian P., The Formation of a British State: England, Scotland and the Union, 1603–1707 (Oxford, 1987)Google Scholar, 14.

⁴³ McLaren, Anne, “Monogamy, Polygamy and the True State: James I's Rhetoric of Empire,” History of Political Thought 25 (2004): 446–80Google Scholar; Sommerville, J. P., Politics and Ideology in England, 1603–1640 (New York, 1986)Google Scholar.

⁴⁴ McLaren, “Monogamy.”

⁴⁵ Burgess, Politics of the Ancient Constitution; Russell, “The Anglo-Scottish Union.”

⁴⁶ Brett Usher, “Thornborough, John (1551?–1641),” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004, online ed., January 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27339 (accessed 2 February 2012).

⁴⁷ Objections against the change of the name or style of England and Scotland into the name or style of great Brittany, 1604, TNA, State Papers Domestic 9/210, f. 47.

⁴⁸ Ibid.

⁴⁹ Obiections against the Change of the name of England into the name of Britanie, TNA, State Papers Domestic 14/7, f. 58.

⁵⁰ Kidd, Colin, British Identities before Nationalism: Ethnicity and Nationhood in the Atlantic World, 1600–1800 (Cambridge, 1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 75, 101; Mason, Roger, “The Scottish Reformation and the Origins of Anglo-British Imperialism,” in Scots and Britons: Scottish Political Thought and the Union of 1603 (Cambridge, 1994)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 186; Woolf, Daniel, Reading History in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 2000), 23–24.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Schwyzer, Philip, “British History and ‘British History’: The Same Old Story?” in British Identities and English Renaissance Literature, ed. Baker, David and Maley, Willy (Cambridge, 2002), 11–23.Google Scholar

⁵² Larkin and Hughes, Stuart Royal Proclamations, 97; Marshall, Theatre and Empire, 27; Keith Thomas argues for the continuing significance of the idea of Britain and the once and future king in Thomas, Keith, Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England (London, 1971), 416–18.Google Scholar

⁵³ Bacon, Francis, A Brief Discourse Touching the Happie Union of the Kingdomes of England, and Scotland (London, 1603)Google Scholar, A₇r; Objections against the change of the name or style of England and Scotland into the name or style of great Brittany, 1604, TNA, State Papers Domestic 9/210, f. 47.

⁵⁴ Galloway, Bruce and Levack, Brian, eds., The Jacobean Union: Six Tracts of 1604 (Edinburgh, 1985)Google Scholar, 170.

⁵⁵ Ibid., lxx; Stowe 158, f. 35_v, BL.

⁵⁶ Thornborough, John, A Discourse Plainely Proving the Evident Utilitie and Urgent Necessitie of the Desired Happie Union of the Two Famous Kingdomes of England and Scotland (London, 1604)Google Scholar, 5; Thornborough, John, The Ioiefull and Blessed Reuniting the Two Mighty & Famous Kingdomes, England & Scotland into their Ancient Name of Great Brittaine (Oxford, 1605?)Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ Leo Daugherty, “Herbert, William (1583?–1628),” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004, online ed., January 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/13057 (accessed 2 February 2012).

⁵⁸ Herbert, William, Englands Sorrow; or, A Farwell to Essex (London, 1606)Google Scholar, C₂v, G₃r.

⁵⁹ Ibid., H₁r.

⁶⁰ Ibid., C₃r.

⁶¹ Schwyzer, Philip, “The Jacobean Union Controversy and King Lear,” in The Accession of James I: Historical and Cultural Consequences, ed. Burgess, Glenn, Wymer, Rowland, and Lawrence, Jason (New York, 2006), 37–38Google Scholar.

⁶² Sir Hayward, John, A Treatise of Union of the Two Realmes of England and Scotland (London, 1604), 3–6Google Scholar, 35–51, 56.

⁶³ Galloway, The Union of England and Scotland, 47.

⁶⁴ Healey, “Debates,” 99.

⁶⁵ Discourse on the Union of Kingdoms as fourfold, 26 April 1604, TNA, State Papers Domestic 14/7, f. 65; Memoirs by J. D. of the principal unions of kingdoms that have taken place in Europe, ?27 April 1604, TNA, State Papers Domestic 14/7, f. 80.

⁶⁶ Thornborough, The Ioiefull and Blessed Reuniting, 7.

⁶⁷ Thornborough, A Discourse, 10; Spedding, James, ed., The Letters and Life of Francis Bacon: Including All His Occasional Works (London, 1868)Google Scholar, 3:120.

⁶⁸ A discourse on the proposed union, Harley MS 6850, BL.

⁶⁹ Savile was a scholar whose tract both promoted James's union scheme and simultaneously critiqued it. His position was thus more neutral than those seeking patronage. Galloway and Levack, The Jacobean Union, lxxiv, lxxvii.

⁷⁰ Ibid., 209–39.

⁷¹ Ellis, Steven, “From Dual Monarchy to Multiple Kingdoms: Union and the English State, 1422–1607,” in The Stuart Kingdoms in the Seventeenth Century: Awkward Neighbours, ed. Maccinnes, Allan and Ohlmeyer, Jane (Portland, 2002)Google Scholar, 48.

⁷² Russell, “The Anglo-Scottish Union,” 249.

⁷³ Untitled Objections, Harley MS 1314, f.16, BL.

⁷⁴ Mason, “The Scottish Reformation,” 170–75; White, “Militant Protestants,” 162.

⁷⁵ The divine providence in the misticall and reall union of England and Scotland, both by nature & other coherence, Add MS 38139, f.42r, BL.

⁷⁶ Gordon, John, A Panegyrique of Congratualation for the Concord of the Realmes of Great Britaine in Unitie of Religion, and Under one King (London, 1603).Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Alexander Gordon, “Gordon, John (1544–1619),” Rev. David George Mullan, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004, online ed., October 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/11061 (accessed 15 July 2010); Gordon, John, EnΩtikon; or, A Sermon of the Union go Great Brittannie, in Antiquitie of Language, Name Religion, and Kingdom (London, 1604)Google Scholar; Harley MS 6850, f. 35, BL; Thornborough, The Ioiefull and Blessed Reuniting, 14.

⁷⁸ Thornborough, The Ioiefull and Blessed Reuniting, 48.

⁷⁹ White, Jason, “Militant Protestants: British Identity in the Jacobean Period, 1603–1625,” History 94 (2009): 154–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar; White, Militant Protestantism; Williamson, Arthur, “Britain and the Beast: The Apocalypse and the Seventeenth-Century Debate about the Creation of the British State,” in Millenarianism and Messianism in Early Modern European Culture: The Millenarian Turn, ed. Force, J. E. and Popkin, R. H. (Dordrecht, Netherlands, 2001), 15–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Marshall, Theatre and Empire.

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⁸¹ Galloway and Levack, The Jacobean Union, xlvii.

⁸² Ibid., 8–19.

⁸³ Cornwallis, The Miraculous and Happie Union, B₄v, C₁v.

⁸⁴ Hayward, A Treatise of Union, 5.

⁸⁵ Skinner, John, Rapta Tatio: The Mirror of his Majesties Present Government, Tending to the Union for his Whole Iland of Brittonie (London, 1604)Google Scholar, F₁v–F₂r.

⁸⁶ Patterson, R. F., ed., Ben Jonson's Conversations with William Drummond of Hawthornden (London, 1923), 25–26Google Scholar; Adams, Joseph Quincy, “Eastward Hoe and Its Satire against the Scots,” Studies in Philology 28 (1931): 689–701Google Scholar; Galloway, The Union of England and Scotland, 80.

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⁸⁸ This complements Steve Murdoch's argument that one of the places where an identification with Britain did occur was in the Stuart diplomatic corps and continental forces. Murdoch, Steve, “Diplomacy in Transition: Stuart-British Diplomacy in Northern Europe, 1603–1618,” in Ships, Guns and Bibles in the North Sea and Baltic States, c. 1350–1700, ed. Macnnes, A. I. and Pedersen, F. G. (East Linton, 2000): 93–107Google Scholar; Murdoch, Steve, “James VI and the Formation of a Scottish-British Military Identity,” in Fighting for Identity: Scottish Military Experience, c. 1550–1900, ed. Murdoch, Steve and Mackillop, A. (Leiden, 2002), 3–32Google Scholar.

⁸⁹ Cornwallis, The Miraculous and Happie Union, D₃r.

⁹⁰ Armitage, David, The Ideological Origins of the British Empire (Cambridge, 2000), 36–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Robertson, John, “Empire and Union: Two Concepts of the Early Modern European Political Order,” in A Union for Empire: Political Thought and the Union of 1707, ed. Robertson, John (Cambridge, 1995), 4–14Google Scholar. Arthur Williamson has also addressed this issue in Williamson, Arthur, Scottish National Consciousness in the Age of James VI: The Apocalypse, the Union and the Shaping of Scotland's Public Culture (Edinburgh, 1979).Google Scholar

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⁹² Ayscu, Edward, A Historie Contayning the Warres, Treaties, Marriages, and other Occurrents between England and Scotland (London, 1607)Google Scholar, 118.

⁹³ Ibid., 250–51.

⁹⁴ Wilson, The Parliamentary Diary, 220, 231, 280.

⁹⁵ Hayward, A Treatise of Union, 5; Cornwallis, The Miraculous and Happie Union, C₃r.

⁹⁶ Skinner, Rapta Tatio, F₄v.

⁹⁷ White, “Militant Protestants,” 163.

⁹⁸ A Brief Replication to the Answere to the Obiections against the Union, Stowe MS 158, ff. 36_r–37_r, BL.

⁹⁹ Ibid., 39_v.

¹⁰⁰ Spedding, The Letters and Life of Francis Bacon, 315.

¹⁰¹ Ibid., 323.

¹⁰² Ibid., 218–34; Galloway and Levack, The Jacobean Union, 143–51.

¹⁰³ Ibid., 232.

¹⁰⁴ Bacon, A Brief Discourse.

¹⁰⁵ Ivic, Christopher, “Mapping British Identities: Speed's Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine,” in British Identities and English Renaissance Literature, ed. Baker, David and Maley, Willy (Cambridge, 2002), 135–58.Google Scholar