¹ University extension lectures were initially founded to bring university courses to young men who could not leave home and to women who wished to train as teachers; they subsequently appealed to upwardly mobile clerks and artisans.

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⁹ Emma Cons’s great-grandfather, a piano-case maker, had emigrated to London from the Rhineland in 1772; his son and grandson followed him in this craft. Findlater, Richard, Lilian Baylis: The Lady of the Old Vic (London, 1975), 24Google Scholar.

¹⁰ Richards, Denis, Offspring of the Vic (London, 1958), 172Google Scholar.

¹¹ Lucy Cavendish was the widow of the Irish secretary Lord Frederick Cavendish, assassinated in Dublin’s Phoenix Park in 1882.

¹² Lucy Cavendish had worked with the Parochial Mission Women, the Soho House of Charity, Mrs. Talbot’s Westminster soup kitchen, with Hack Tuke and the Mental After-Care Association, with the Saint Mary’s Penitentiary for juvenile prostitutes, and with Louisa Twining and the Ladies Diocesan Association, pushing open the doors of workhouses to outside scrutiny.

¹³ Letter and memoranda, 1 November 1909, Old Vic Archives, OVLB/000047/2.9/1/B2, Bristol University, Bristol.

¹⁴ Letters from Cons to Cavendish, 1 January 1904, and 21 January 1904, Old Vic Archives, OVEC/000180/1–9, Bristol University, Bristol.

¹⁵ In 1871 Caroline Martineau had written Aunt Rachel’s Letters on Water and Air (London) as a way of introducing children to the basic concepts of science. She followed that with similar books aimed at piquing children’s interest in natural science: Chapters on Sound (London, 1875)Google Scholar and Earth, Air and Water or The World we Live in (London, 1881)Google Scholar. In 1880 she was elected a member of the Physical Society, the premier organization of British physicists.

¹⁶ Morley College prospectus, Old Vic Archives, OV/M/000012/4, Bristol University, Bristol.

¹⁷ For example, Sir William Harcourt, writing to Gladstone concerning the appointment of Lord Frederick Cavendish as Irish Secretary, had observed that “F. Cavendish is like the άμύμονεσ, a man whom all like and respect.” Gardiner, A. G., The Life of Sir William Harcourt (London, 1923), 434Google Scholar.

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²¹ The Times, 11 October 1886, 3, col. C.

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²⁸ Reminiscences of Sir Frederick Black (n.d.), Old Vic Archives, OV/M/000012/4, Bristol University, Bristol.

²⁹ Ibid.

³⁰ Special supplement of the Morley College Magazine in memory of Caroline Martineau, 1902, Old Vic Archives, OV/M/000015/4, 14, Bristol University, Bristol.

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³⁴ Morley College Annual Report, Morley College Archives, Borough of Lambeth Archives, IV/224/1/19, London, 1890, 8.

³⁵ Richards, Offspring, 85.

³⁶ Morley College Annual Report, Morley College Archives, Borough of Lambeth Archives, IV/224/1/19, London, 1890, 10.

³⁷ Daily News, 11 May 1888, 6.

³⁸ Morley College Annual Report, Morley College Archives, Borough of Lambeth Archives, IV/224/1/19, London, 1890, 9–12.

³⁹ Ibid., 12.

⁴⁰ Richards, Offspring, 169.

⁴¹ Forster, E. M., Howards End (New York, 1921), 45Google Scholar. Virginia Woolf, who taught at Morley College from 1905 to 1907, also clearly based her portrait of Smith, Septimus in Mrs. Dalloway (London, 1925) on one or more of her studentsGoogle Scholar.

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⁴³ Morley College Magazine, Morley College Archives, Borough of Lambeth Archives, London, 1902, 48.

⁴⁴ Rose, Jonathan, The Intellectual Life of the British Working Class (New Haven, CT, 2001), chap. 12Google Scholar, “What Was Leonard Bast Really Like?”

⁴⁵ Richards, Offspring, 139.

⁴⁶ Ibid.

⁴⁷ Executive committee minutes, Morley College Archives, Borough of Lambeth Archives IV/224/1/1/2, London.

⁴⁸ Richards, Offspring, 73.

⁴⁹ Morley College Annual Report, Morley College Archives, Borough of Lambeth Archives, London, 1892, 3.

⁵⁰ Ibid., 4.

⁵¹ Graham Wallas Papers, 1/32, London School of Economics (LSE) Archives, London, 7 December 1906.

⁵² Morley College Annual Report, Morley College Archives, Borough of Lambeth Archives, London, 1893, 7, 8.

⁵³ Richards, Offspring, 134.

⁵⁴ In this instance a diplomatic compromise was reached that satisfied both students and college authorities.

⁵⁵ Morley College Annual Report, Morley College Archives, Borough of Lambeth Archives, London, 1892, 4.

⁵⁶ Morley College Annual Report, Morley College Archives, Borough of Lambeth Archives, London, 1893, 12.

⁵⁷ Trevelyan also directed a Shakespeare reading circle during the 1907/8 academic year. Richards, Offspring, 154.

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⁵⁹ May 1905, letter to Dickinson, Violet, The Letters of Virginia Woolf, 1888–1912 (London, 1975), 191Google Scholar.

⁶⁰ Bell, Virginia Woolf, 203.

⁶¹ Holst, Imogen, Holst (London, 1974), 19–23Google Scholar.

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⁶⁴ Lecture delivered at Morley College, Graham Wallas Papers, 6/3, Lecture VI, LSE Archives, London, 8 November 1893.

⁶⁵ Lecture delivered at Morley College, Graham Wallas Papers, 6/3, Lecture VIII, LSE Archives, London, 22 November 1893.

⁶⁶ Lecture delivered at Morley College, Graham Wallas Papers, 6/3, Lecture IX, LSE Archives, London, 29 November 1893.

⁶⁷ Special supplement of Morley College Magazine in memory of Caroline Martineau, Old Vic Archives, OV/M/000015/4, Bristol University, Bristol; Morley College Archives, Borough of Lambeth Archives, London, 1902, 15.

⁶⁸ Arnold, Alfred William, “The Old Guard Dies but Never Surrenders,” Justice, 15 October 1913Google Scholar, and “Bandê Mataram,” Justice, 15 September 1907.

⁶⁹ Special supplement of Morley College Magazine in memory of Caroline Martineau, Old Vic Archives, OV/M/000015/4, Bristol University, Bristol; Morley College Archives, Borough of Lambeth Archives, London, 1902, 13.

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⁷³ Morley College Magazine, Morley College Archives, Borough of Lambeth Archives, London, July 1901.

⁷⁴ “Termination of the Great Strike,” Daily News, 16 September 1889Google Scholar.

⁷⁵ MPs did not receive a salary until 1911.

⁷⁶ Morley College Magazine, Morley College Archives, Borough of Lambeth Archives, London, December 1902, 16.

⁷⁷ Richards, Offspring, 159.

⁷⁸ Annual report, Royal Victoria Hall 1884, British Library, London, Old Vic Theatre Reports and Pamphlets, SFX, 1014043.

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⁸¹ Webb, Beatrice, My Apprenticeship (Cambridge, 1979), 12 August 1885, 266Google Scholar.

⁸² The scholarships (£7 for a month in Cambridge and £5 for a fortnight in Oxford) were invariably easier to arrange than was the student’s time off from work.

⁸³ Richards, Offspring, 116.

⁸⁴ Miss Emma Cons and Miss Jane Cobden Local Government, 1889 Cobden MSS 348, West Sussex Records Office, Chichester.

⁸⁵ Richards, Offspring, 170.

⁸⁶ Goldman, “Intellectuals”; McKibbin, “Why Was There No Marxism in Great Britain?”

⁸⁷ Jennings, Bernard, “The WEA—the Foundation and the Founder,” in Roberts, A Ministry of Enthusiasm, 12Google Scholar.

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⁹⁰ Reminiscences of Sir Frederick Black, Old Vic Archives, OV/M/000012/4, Bristol University, Bristol.

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