Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-t5pn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T01:11:09.464Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AND UNINTENDED PREGNANCY AMONG ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULT MARRIED WOMEN IN SOUTH ASIA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2016

Enu Anand*
Affiliation:
International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
Sayeed Unisa
Affiliation:
International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
Jayakant Singh
Affiliation:
School of Health Systems Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India
*
1Corresponding author. Email: enuanand@hotmail.com

Summary

This study examined the relationship between Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and unintended pregnancy among young women in South Asia using Demographic and Health Survey data from India (2005–2006), Bangladesh (2007) and Nepal (2011). The respondents were adolescent and young adult married women aged 15–24 years who had at least one childbirth in the five years preceding the survey. Bivariate and stepwise multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between IPV and unintended pregnancy. Thirty-eight per cent of the respondents in India, 52% in Bangladesh and 28% in Nepal reported having experienced physical or sexual IPV. Those who reported physical or sexual IPV had higher odds of unintended pregnancy (1.36 in India and 1.99 in Bangladesh). The findings indicate that IPV is a risk factor for unintended pregnancy among adolescent and young adult married women. Along with violence prevention programmes, a more responsive and youth-friendly health system needs to be in place to provide health care services to young women in these countries.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press, 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adhikari, R., Soonthorndhada, K. & Prasartkul, P. (2009) Correlates of unintended pregnancy among currently pregnant married women in Nepal. BMC International Health and Human Rights 9(1), 17.Google Scholar
Alio, A. P., Nana, P. N. & Salihu, H. M. (2009) Spousal violence and potentially preventable single and recurrent spontaneous fetal loss in an African setting: cross-sectional study. Lancet 373(9660), 318324.Google Scholar
Allsworth, J. E., Secura, G. M., Zhao, Q., Madden, T. & Peipert, J. F. (2013) The impact of emotional, physical, and sexual abuse on contraceptive method selection and discontinuation. American Journal of Public Health 103(10), 18571864.Google Scholar
Antai, D. (2011) Traumatic physical health consequences of intimate partner violence against women: what is the role of community-level factors? BMC Women’s Health 11(1), 56.Google Scholar
Atteraya, M. S., Gnawali, S. & Song, I. H. (2014) Factors associated with intimate partner violence against married women in Nepal. Journal of Interpersonal Violence doi: 0886260514539845.Google Scholar
Bawah, A. A., Akweongo, P., Simmons, R. & Phillips, J. F. (1999) Women’s fears and men’s anxieties: the impact of family planning on gender relations in northern Ghana. Studies in Family Planning 30(1), 5466.Google Scholar
Begum, S., Dwivedi, S. N., Pandey, A. & Mittal, S. (2010) Association between domestic violence and unintended pregnancies in India: findings from the National Family Health Survey-2 data. National Medical Journal of India 23(4), 198200.Google ScholarPubMed
Bergmann, J. N. & Stockman, J. K. (2015) How does intimate partner violence affect condom and oral contraceptive use in the United States? A systematic review of the literature. Contraception doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2015.02.009.Google Scholar
Black, K. I., Gupta, S., Rassi, A. & Kubba, A. (2010) Why do women experience untimed pregnancies? A review of contraceptive failure rates. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 24(4), 443455.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. C. (2002) Violence against women II. Health consequences of intimate partner violence. Lancet 359(9314), 13311336.Google Scholar
Chalmers, B. & Hashi, K. O. (2000) 432 Somali women’s birth experiences in Canada after earlier female genital mutilation. Birth (Berkeley, California) 27(4), 227234.Google Scholar
Chowdhary, N. & Patel, V. (2008) The effect of spousal violence on women’s health: findings from the Stree Arogya Shodh in Goa, India. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 54(4), 306.Google Scholar
Cokkinides, V. E., Coker, A. L., Sanderson, M., Addy, C. & Bethea, L. (1999) Physical violence during pregnancy: maternal complications and birth outcomes. Obstetrics & Gynecology 93(5, 1), 661666.Google Scholar
Cripe, S. M., Sanchez, S. E., Perales, M. T., Lam, N., Garcia, P. & Williams, M. A. (2008) Association of intimate partner physical and sexual violence with unintended pregnancy among pregnant women in Peru. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 100(2), 104108.Google Scholar
Curtis, S., Evens, E. & Sambisa, W. (2011) Discontinuation and unintended contraceptive an imperfect relationship. International Perspectives 37(2), 5866.Google Scholar
Decker, M. R., Latimore, A. D., Yasutake, S., Haviland, M., Ahmed, S., Blum, R. W. & Astone, N. M. (2015) Gender-based violence against adolescent and young adult women in low-and middle-income countries. Journal of Adolescent Health 56(2), 188196.Google Scholar
Fort, A. (1989) Investigating the social context of fertility and family planning: a qualitative study in Peru. International Family Planning Perspectives 15(3), 8895.Google Scholar
Garcia-Moreno, C. (2002) Violence against women: consolidating a public health agenda. In Sen, G., George, A. & Piroska, Ö. (eds) Engendering International Health: The Challenge of Equity. MIT Press.Google Scholar
García-Moreno, C., Hegarty, K., d’Oliveira, A. F. L., Koziol-McLain, J., Colombini, M. & Feder, G. (2014) The health-systems response to violence against women. The Lancet 6736(14), 113.Google Scholar
Garcia-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A F. M., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L. & Watts, C. H. (2006) Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence. Lancet 368, 12601269.Google Scholar
Goldblatt, B. & Meintjes, S. (1998) Dealing with the aftermath: sexual violence and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Agenda 13(36), 718.Google Scholar
Heise, L., Ellsberg, M. & Gottemoeller, M. (1999) Ending Violence Against Women. Issues in World Health, Series L, No. 11. Population Information Program, Center for Communication Programs, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore. Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, USA doi:10.1080/15211030802194589.Google Scholar
Herrmann, M. (2014) Sustainable development, demography and sexual and reproductive health: inseparable linkages and their policy implications. Reproductive Health Matters 22(43), 2842.Google Scholar
Hindin, M. J., Christiansen, C. S. & Ferguson, B. J. (2013) Setting research priorities for adolescent sexual and reproductive health in low- and middle-income countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 91(1), 1018.Google Scholar
Ismayilova, L. (2010) Intimate partner violence and unintended pregnancy in Azerbaijan, Moldova, and Ukraine. DHS Working Paper No. 79. Calverton, MD, USA.Google Scholar
Jejeebhoy, S. J. & Bott, S. (2003) Non-consensual sexual experiences of young people: a review of the evidence from developing countries. South and East Asia Regional Working Papers No. 16. Population Council, Regional Office for South and East Asia, New Delhi, India, vi, p. 42.Google Scholar
Jejeebhoy, S. J., Santhya, K. G. & Acharya, R. (2013) Physical and sexual violence and symptoms of gynaecological morbidity among married young women in India. Global Public Health 8(10), 11511167.Google Scholar
Kismödi, E., Cottingham, J., Gruskin, S. & Miller, A. M. (2015) Advancing sexual health through human rights: the role of the law. Global Public Health 10(2), 252267.Google Scholar
Koenig, M. A., Stephenson, R., Ahmed, S., Jejeebhoy, S. J. & Campbell, J. (2006) Individual and contextual determinants of domestic violence in North India. American Journal of Public Health 96(1), 132138.Google Scholar
Leung, T. W., Leung, W. C., Chan, P. L. & Ho, P. C. (2002) A comparison of the prevalence of domestic violence between patients seeking termination of pregnancy and other general gynecology patients. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 77(1), 4754.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mechanic, M. B., Weaver, T. L. & Resick, P. A. (2008) Risk factors for physical injury among help-seeking battered women: an exploration of multiple abuse dimensions. Violence against Women 14(10), 11481165.Google Scholar
Mukanangana, F., Moyo, S., Zvoushe, A. & Rusinga, O. (2014) Gender based violence and its effects on women’s reproductive health: the case of Hatcliffe, Harare, Zimbabwe. African Journal of Reproductive Health 8(1), 110122.Google Scholar
Nunes, M. A., Ferri, C. P., Manzolli, P., Soares, R. M., Drehmer, M., Buss, C. & Schmidt, M. I. (2010) Nutrition, mental health and violence: from pregnancy to postpartum cohort of women attending primary care units in Southern Brazil – ECCAGE study. BMC Psychiatry 10, 66.Google Scholar
Pallitto, C. C., García-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A. F. M. & Heise, L. (2013) Intimate partner violence, abortion, and unintended pregnancy: results from the WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 120(1), 39.Google Scholar
Puri, M., Tamang, J. & Shah, I. (2011) Suffering in silence: consequences of sexual violence within marriage among young women in Nepal. BMC Public Health 11(1), 1.Google Scholar
Raihana, S., Shaheen, R. & Shafiqur Rahman, M. (2012) Influence of intimate partners’ violence on unintended pregnancy in Bangladesh. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences 2(5), 159166.Google Scholar
Raj, A., Liu, R., McCleary-Sills, J. & Silverman, J. G. (2005) South Asian victims of intimate partner violence more likely than non-victims to report sexual health concerns. Journal of Immigrant Health 7(2), 8591.Google Scholar
Raj, A. & McDougal, L. (2015) Associations of intimate partner violence with unintended pregnancy and pre-pregnancy contraceptive use in South Asia. Contraception doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2015.03.008 Google Scholar
Raj, A., Saggurti, N., Lawrence, D., Balaiah, D. & Silverman, J. G. (2010) Association between adolescent marriage and marital violence among young adult women in India. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 110(1), 3539.Google Scholar
Rance, S. (1994) Control and Resistance: Empowering Strategies in the Reproductive Lives of La Paz Market Women. Bolivia Report No. 1. JSI Research and Training Institute Empowerment of Women Research Programme, Arlington, VI. URL: http://www.popline.org/node/311153 Google Scholar
Santhya, K. G., Haberland, N., Ram, F., Sinha, R. K. & Mohanty, S. K. (2007) Consent and coercion: examining unwanted sex among married young women in India. International Family Planning Perspectives 33(3), 124132.Google Scholar
Sedgh, G., Singh, S. & Hussain, R. (2014) Intended and unintended pregnancies worldwide in 2012 and recent trends. Studies in Family Planning 45(3), 301314.Google Scholar
Shabnam, S. & Mukherjee, A. (2013) Spousal violence and unintended pregnancy in India: evidence from NFHS-3. Indian Journal of Research and Reports in Medical Sciences 3(3), 18.Google Scholar
Shedlin, M. G. & Hollerbach, P. E. (1981) Modern and traditional fertility regulation in a Mexican community: the process of decision making. Studies in Family Planning 12(6–7), 278296.Google Scholar
Silverman, J. G., Gupta, J., Decker, M. R., Kapur, N. & Raj, A. (2007) Intimate partner violence and unwanted pregnancy, miscarriage, induced abortion, and stillbirth among a national sample of Bangladeshi women. BJOG : An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 114(10), 12461252.Google Scholar
Singh, J. & Anand, E. (2015) The nexus between child marriage and women empowerment with physical violence in two culturally distinct states of India. International Journal of Population Research 2015, No. 458654.Google Scholar
Singh, S., Wulf, D., Hussain, R., Bankole, A. & Sedgh, G. (2009) Abortion Worldwide: A Decade of Uneven Progress. Guttmacher Institute, New York. URL: http://www.womenhealth.or.th/downloads/document-resource/eng-10.pdf Google Scholar
Speizer, I. S. & Pearson, E. (2011) Association between early marriage and intimate partner violence in India: a focus on youth from Bihar and Rajasthan. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 26(10), 19631981.Google Scholar
Stephenson, R. & Koenig, M. A. (2008) Domestic violence, contraceptive use, and unwanted pregnancy in rural India. Studies in Family Planning 39(3), 177186.Google Scholar
Stöckl, H., Filippi, V., Watts, C. & Mbwambo, J. K. K. (2012) Induced abortion, pregnancy loss and intimate partner violence in Tanzania: a population based study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 12(1), 12.Google Scholar
Straus, M. A. (1979) Measuring intrafamily conflict violence. Journal of Marriage and Family 41(1), 7588.Google Scholar
Taft, A. J., Powell, R. L. & Watson, L. F. (2015) The impact of violence against women on reproductive health and child mortality in Timor-Leste. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 39(2), 177181.Google Scholar
Wang, G. & Pillai, V. K. (2001) Women’s reproductive health: a gender-sensitive human rights approach. Acta Sociologica 44(3), 231242.Google Scholar
Watts, C. & Zimmerman, C. (2002) Violence against women: global scope and magnitude. The Lancet 359, 12321237.Google Scholar
WHO (2013) Global and Regional Estimates of Violence Against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-Partner Sexual Violence. WHO, Geneva.Google Scholar
Zablotska, I. B., Gray, R. H., Koenig, M. A., Serwadda, D., Nalugoda, F., Kigozi, G. & Wawer, M. (2009) Alcohol use, intimate partner violence, sexual coercion and HIV among women aged 15–24 in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS and Behavior 13(2), 225233.Google Scholar